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DRUG ABUSE - Coggle Diagram
DRUG ABUSE
Reference
Loke, A., & Mak, Y. (2013). Family Process and Peer Influences on Substance Use by Adolescents. International Journal Of Environmental Research And Public Health, 10(9), 3868-3885. doi: 10.3390/ijerph10093868
Williams, C. T., & Latkin, C. A. (2007). Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status, Personal Network Attributes, and Use of Heroin and Cocaine. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 32(6), S203–S210.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2007.02.006
Richardson, J., Fendrich, M., & Johnson, T. P. (2003). Neighborhood effects on drug reporting. Addiction, 98(12), 1705–1711.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2003.00561.x
https://heylawedu.id/blog/sanksi-penyalahguna-dan-pengedar-narkoba
Supraptiningsih, E. (2004). Upaya Intervensi Pencegahan dan Penanggulangan Penyalahgunaan Naza (Narkotik, Alkohol, Dan Zat Adiktif) Pada Remaja Melalui Proses Belajar. Mimbar: Jurnal Sosial dan Pembangunan, 20(2), 164-178.
Stevens, E. B., Jason, L. A., Ferrari, J. R., & Hunter, B. (2010). Self-Efficacy and Sense of Community among Adults Recovering from Substance Abuse. North American journal of psychology, 12(2), 255–264.
Gandhi, A. G., Murphy-Graham, E., Petrosino, A., Chrismer, S. S., & Weiss, C. H. (2007). The Devil Is in the Details. Evaluation Review, 31(1), 43–74.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0193841x06287188
Chiesa, A., & Serretti, A. (2013). Are Mindfulness-Based Interventions Effective for Substance Use Disorders? A Systematic Review of the Evidence. Substance Use & Misuse, 49(5), 492–512.
https://doi.org/10.3109/10826084.2013.770027
Levels of Analysis
Localities
neighbourhood
Participants from segregated neighborhoods were more likely to underreport lifetime cocaine use than participants from diverse neighborhoods. (Richardson et al., 2003)
the research done by Richardson suggested that living in a more diverse neighbourhood community may increase the likelihood of drug usage
evidence that neighborhood environment is critically important for use, abuse, or cessation is still somewhat lacking. But, the visibility of drug sale around these types of neighborhood is something that is not to be overlooked
rural areas
Neighborhood poverty and drug influences in the network were found to be positively associated with current drug use (Williams & Latkin, 2007)
Macrosystem
Law
sanctions for drug users in Indonesia contained in Pasal 127 ayat (1) UU Narkotika.
Narkotika Golongan I bagi diri sendiri dipidana dengan pidana penjara paling lama 4 (empat) tahun;
Narkotika Golongan II bagi diri sendiri dipidana dengan pidana penjara paling lama 2 (dua) tahun; dan
For example, Marijuana (Ganja) is included in narcotics class 2, This makes drug users not deterrent because the punishment received is only 2 years in prison .
Narkotika Golongan III bagi diri sendiri dipidana dengan pidana penjara paling lama 1 (satu) tahun.
sanctions for drug dealers
Pihak yang memproduksi Narkotika secara melawan hukum (Pasal 1 angka 3 jo Pasal 113)
Pihak yang Meng Impor Narkotika secara Melawan Hukum (Pasal 1 angka 4 jo Pasal 113)
Pihak yang meng Ekspor Narkotika scara melawan hukum (Pasal 1 angka 5 jo Pasal 113)
Pihak yang melakukan Pengangkutan atau Transito Narkotika secara melawan hukum (Pasal 1 angka 9, 12 jo Pasal 115)
Pihak yang melakukan Peredaran Gelap Narkotika dan Preskusor Narkotika (Pasal 1 angka 6 jo 111,112, 129)
Microsystem
Family
The structure of the family affects the development of children. The children of divorced parents have been found to be twice as likely as children from intact families to display a lower level of conduct and delinquent behavior.
Adolescents who do not live with two parents are more likely to smoke cigarettes, and use marijuana and other illicit drugs.
The family process has multiple characteristics, including: family connectedness, the satisfaction of family roles, and family conflicts.
A study investigating the relationship between the influence of the family and behaviors among adolescents that put their health at risk reported that family connectedness was significantly inversely associated with alcohol and drug use
The satisfaction of family roles, with positive mother-adolescent communication and quality father-adolescent communication, was associated with lower levels of problem behavior among adolescents.
Getting into conflicts with one’s parents also increases the likelihood that a young person will engage in risky health behavior.
Adolescents who perceived their parents as authoritative (high control, low support) and neglectful (low support and low control) were three times more likely than those who perceived their parents as warm-directive to report that they engaged in moderate or heavy alcohol use, substance use, and smoking.
Peers
Adolescents, with their limited degree of self-reliance, which interferes with their ability to act independently of the influence of their peers, may be more easily swayed towards engaging in risky behavior.
Impulse control or sensation seeking by adolescents also plays an important role in the degree to which they might engage in risk taking behavior
Adolescents are susceptible to peer influence in that it has been observed that they are more likely to engage in risk taking in groups than alone.
Root of Causes
Environment
Environmental factors such as family beliefs and attitudes and exposure to peer groups that promote drug use appear to influence initial drug use.
Genetics
Once you start using the drug, genetic traits can affect the development of addiction, slowing or accelerating the progression of the disease.
Type of Community
Relational community
Drug abuse in adolescent is caused by interaction-based community such as family or peers
Locality-based community
Drug abuse in adolescent can be caused by neighborhoods
Prevention
Structural perspective
Teenagers can be invited to discuss what they have learned about drug abuse.
Giving material about drug abuse with lecture or video method.
Program
Life Skills Training (LST)
LST is a school-based drug prevention program developed in the late 1970s by Gilbert Botvin. The program is designed to work with elementary and middle/junior high school students over the course of a 2- or 3-year period. LifeSkills Training promotes healthy alternatives to risky behavior through activities designed to
Teach students the necessary skills to resist social (peer) pressures to smoke, drink, and use drugs
Help students to develop greater self-esteem and self-confidence
Enable students to effectively cope with anxiety
Increase their knowledge of the immediate consequences of substance abuse
Enhance cognitive and behavioral competency to reduce and prevent a variety of health risk behaviors
The program have 3 main Components
Drug Resistance Skills
they learn information and practical ATOD (Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug use) resistance skills for dealing with peers and media pressure to engage in ATOD use
Personal Self-Management Skills
Students learn how to examine their self-image and its effects on behavior; set goals and keep track of personal progress
General Social Skills
Students develop the necessary skills to overcome -shyness
-communicate effectively and avoid misunderstandings
-initiate and carry out conversations,
-handle social requests
-utilize both verbal and nonverbal assertiveness skills to make or refuse requests
-recognize that they have choices when faced with tough situations.
Sense of Community
a high sense of community will help on how the individual perceive around them and make them have a high sense of belonging and responsibilty. (Sense of belonging, Common symbols, Emotional safety, & Identification with community)
Stevens et al. (2010) suggest that living in environments that promote mutual responsibilities may assist individuals in recovery to feel more confident in their recovery process and in their ability to remain clean and sober.
Definition
Drug abuse is one of the most common cases of substance abuse among urban communities. Substance abuse occurs when someone use alcohol, cigarettes, prescription medicine, and other legal and illegal substance too much or in the wrong way.
Intervention
Mindfulness-based Intervention
Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR)
a brief meditation program mainly based on three different techniques: body scan, sitting meditation, and Hatha Yoga practice, which are considered to be a means to help practitioners develop a state of non-judgmental awareness of sensations, emotions, and cognitions in any given moment and to recognize the stream of distractions that continuously flows through the mind.
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT)
MBCT program incorporates seated meditation, body scan and, to a littler extent than MBSR, Yoga exercises. Mindfulness practice is mainly aimed at teaching patients “decentering,” which is defined as the ability to distance from one’s own mental contents
MBSR is an 8 weeks program, including weekly 2-hours-and-a-half sessions, a 1-day retreat, daily homework, and the request to mindfully attend present moment experiences one or more times daily as a means to generalize formal practice to one’s own life. MBCT is similar with MBSR, but with intergrating aspect of cognitive behavioral therapy