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White-collar crime - Coggle Diagram
White-collar crime
Tombs and snider
Culture of cultural organisations = excessive comp. Place profits and appeasing share holders above rights of people. Those most likely to take risks = those at the top.
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Sutherland (1949)
'a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation'.
Croall (2001a):
Challenges Sutherland's def. Not all activity is seen as a 'crime'. And status isn't always important and instead position of trust they hold.
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State:
Done by nation states. War, genocide and arms trading.
Poutney.
Bhopal Disaster: gas leak at the Union Carbide chemical company in Bhopal, India in 1984. Killed and injured thousands. Company cut corners.Seven ex-employees were convicted of causing death by capitalism.
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Environmental damage:
Rana Plaza garment factory in Bangladesh. 1,100 killed in 2013.
Box (1983)
Theft included shoplifter not a company charging high prices. White-collar crime is socially-constructed as not criminal.
Tombs: (1999)
Analysed deaths at work caused by employer activity. 1,316 fatal injuries in 1994-95 877 of which were in the course of driving in employment. Number of unlawful deaths at work outweigh number of homicides.
Goldstraw- White: (2010)
Those convicted of white-collar crime did not see themselves as criminals. Semi-structured interviews with 41 offenders.
Friedrichs: (1996)
Risk plays a big part. Chances of being caught/punished are low. Calculated gamble = part of the appeal. Cost-benefit analysis.
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Chambliss:
Economic crime reflects rational choice response to both competition and inequality. Egalitarian societies = less crime.
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Marxists argue that criminal law is a tool of the powerful so they create laws to suit their interests and criminalise activities they see as undesirable.
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Bribery: accepting payments in return for awarding contracts to suppliers or providing information on company.
Embezzlement: Bernie Madoff scandal. Madoff a city trader. Used a Ponzi scheme to embezzle money from investors in his own company. Promised return on investment. Later investors rarely paid off. 150 years of imprisonment.
Mps expenses scandal 2009. Abuse of Parlimentary expenses. Viggers was paid more than £30,000 for gardening expenses over three years. Including a 'duck island'.
Accounting agency of USA has estimated thousands of saving and loan companies failing due to inside trading (or racketeering)
Capitalism encourages self-interest over public duty. Materialistic consumers aspire to unrealistic often unattainable lifestyle.
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