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Chapter 11: Soil- The Foundation of Land Ecosystems - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 11: Soil- The Foundation of Land Ecosystems
Golden Rules of the Tropics
Keep solid covered
Minimum tillage
Mulch for nutrients and cover
Maxixmize biomass production
Maximize biodiversity
Soils
Soils is an unconsolidated cover of earth, made up of mineral and organic components, water, and air, capable of supporting plant growth
Soil Function
Medium for plant growth
Engineering medium
Organism habitat
Recycles nutrients and water
Water purification
Mofidier of atmosphere
Soil Forming Factors
Parent Material: transports and breaks down to form soil
Topography: affects water movement and soil erosion. Rocks and minerals can move downhill by gravity
Biota: helps form soil organic matter, cycles nutrients, facilities weathering of rocks and minerals
Time: soils form over long periods of time, primary minerals weathering to secondary and becomes physically smaller
Climate: most influential and determines the intensity and types of weathering that occurs. Two main climatic variables include precipitation and temperature.
Soil Composition
Air- 25%
Water- 25%
Organic Matter- 5%
Mineral particles- 45%
Humus- 80%
Roots- 10%
Organisms- 10%
Soil Color
Oxisols: bright red from oxidized iron (Fe+3), very weathered, found in tropical regions
Histosols: dark brown from soil organic matter, thick layer of built up peat, can be up to 20% soil organic matter, always found in wetlands
Inceptisols are more of a "catch all" category
Spodosols are common soil to the NJ pine lands, leaches due to sandy texture and acidity from pine tree needles
Soil Mophology
O- organic layer
A- mineral darkened by humus and organic matter
E- leaching occurs
B- accumulation occurs
C- least geochemically weathered, bares resemblance to parent material
R- bed rock
Soil and Plants
Plants require O2 (soil aeration)
Plants require water
Soil fertility: needed adequate for plant growth
Nutrient holding: prevents leaching, hold nutrient that are positively charged, and clay and OM have negative charge
Mineralization: converting organic nutrients to inorganic
Optimal Plant and Crop Growth
Need adequate supply of nutrients and CEC
Adequate water holding
Aeration
Near neutral pH
Low salt content
Good support
Soil issues
Soil Erosion is one of the most destructive occurrences throughout the world
Causes include wind and water
Erosion types include splash, sheet, rill, gully