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Gender diff. in educational achievement - Coggle Diagram
Gender diff. in educational achievement
Definitions
Sex
-
biological diff. between males & females
Gender
-
learned diff. between males & females
GD Timeline
Browne 2008
- achievement of females & males w/ education has
'roller-coasted'
1980s
- concern about
females
low achievement levels
1990s
- females began to outperform males -
esp. W/C males
Present
- Males tend to be underachieving compared to females
Statistics
girls outperforming boys at every stage in SATs (
English, maths, science)
Generally Girls out perform boys in GCSEs (
except science
)
GCSE English -
2/3 girls
achieve A☆-C grades compared to
1/2 boys
More females stay on
post 16 edu
Females more likely to achieve 3-A level passes
Vocational studies
- females likely to achieve
'Distinction'
passes
Reproduction of Gender Inequality
External explanations
changes in family -
socialisation
changes in womens employment
changing social
attitudes, perceptions & ambitions
Internal explanations
Equal opportunities policies
Positive role models in schools
GCSEs & Coursework
Teacher
attention, stereotyping & labelling
Impact of feminism
External Factors - Explained
Impact of feminism
→womens role no longer solely
mother & housewfe
Changes In Family
→ Major changes in family since
1970s
→ increase in
divorce, cohabitation, lone-parents
, decrease in number of
first marriages
& smaller families
Womens employment
→ greater career opportunities & better pay - ambition to achieve this
Equal pay act 1970 , sex discrimination act 1975
Girls changing ambitions
Sharp 1994
- changes in
work & family
producing
change in girls ambition
1970s
- aspirations low → careers considered
unattractive & unfeminine
→
1990s
- women saw careers as ways to be
independent
O'Connor 2006
- study
14-7 yo girls
found
children
not major part of life plan
to achieve
independence & self-sufficiency
most realise they need a good edu.
Internal Factors - Explained
Equal opportunities
belief boys & girls are entitled to
same opportunities
→ part of
mainstream thinking
& influences
educational policies
GCSE & Coursework
Gorard 2005
- greater gender gap fairly constant from
197 - 88
→ gap in achievement is a
product of the changed system of assessment failing boys
support -
Mitsos & Brown 1988
girls spend :
spend more time on
work
more care w/
presentation
better at meeting
deadlines
bring right
equipment & materials
Teacher Attention
found teachers pay more attention to
BOYS
than girls
Swann 1994
found:
boys more
boisterous
& attract more teacher attention
girls gained attention for majoritly school work
differences in communication styles
Challenging stereotypes
removal of gender stereotypes from textbooks has removed barrier from girls achievement
→
>1980s
women portrayed as
housewives & mothers
→ sciences showed them as
amazed / scared
→ led to equal policies :
GIST
WISE
National curriculum 1988
Boaler 1998
- impact of polices as key reason for improvement for girls
→barriers have been removed = increasingly meritocratic