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Central nervous system disorders - Coggle Diagram
Central nervous system disorders
Infective conditions
Nearological groups of problems
Cause
Infection
Viral
Fungal
Bacterial
Meningitis
Infection of the meninges
Causes
Cerebrospinal fluid invaded by infection
Classification
Septic
Bacterial infection
Pneumococci
Haemophilus influenzae
Meningococcal meningitis
Neisseria meningitis
Aseptic
Results from other infections
Coxsackie
Poliovirus
Mumps
Herpes simplex
Herpeszoster
Infectious mononucleosis
Measles, rubella,chicken pox,smallpox
Post-infectious meningitis
Miscellaneous agents
Syphillis
Leptospirosis
TB
Toxoplasmosis
Non infectious causes
Brain tumours
Cerebrovascular accidents
Multiple sclerosis
Intrathecal injection reaction
Lead poisoning
Vaccine reaction
Leukeamia
Pathophysiology
Meninges infection
Inflammation
Irritation of the cerebral tissue
Convulsions
Exudate
Increase Intracranial pressure
Increase CSF production
Inflamed and irritated meninges
Headache
Neck stiffness
Inflammatory scar tissue
Epilepsy
CSF drainage block
Hydrocephalus
Management
Nurse in a quiet, environment
Encourage rest
Isolation(Infectious type)
Neurological status assessment
Give DF118
Reduce pyrexia
Tepid sponging
Give antipyretics
No narcotics
Antibiotics or Antivirals
Intravenous line
Observe seizures
Duration
Body part affected
Loss of consciousness
Any form of incontinence
Anticonvulisants
Maintain
Circulation
Nutrition
Respiration
Hydration
Convulsive Conditions
Epilepsy
Seizure
Convulsions
Fit
Causes
Trauma
Congenital defects
idiopathic
Inborn errors
Infection
Hyperpyrexia
Tumours
Vascular lesions
Pathophysiology
Seizure focus
May involve the entire brain
Speific clinical manifestations
Secondary recruitment
Position
Extent
Assessment and common findings
Epilepsy
Cerebral dysfunction
Manifestations
Altered consciousness
Abnormal motor activity
Abnormal sensations
Abnormal behaviour
Generalised seizure
Seizure impulse
Spread over the entire body
Symptoms involve the whole body
Types of epilepsy
Petit mal epilepsy
Blankness of expression
Facial or limb twitch
Grand mal epilepsy
Aura
Tonic stage
Clonic stage
Post ictal stage
Partial sezure
No alteration of consciousness
seizure may localised in the hand up the arm
Do not involve the entire brain
May involve the whole side of the body
Complex partial seizure
No loss of consiousness
Status epilepticus
Medical emergency
ICU admission
Ensure clear airway
Position on a side
Neck hyperflexion
Do not try inserting anything in the mouth
Suctioning
Ensure adequate tissue and organ oxygenation
Give oxygen therapy as prescribed by the doctor
Monitor oxygen saturations
Do arterial blood gas
To exclude metabolic acidosis
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To monitor cabon dioxide elimination
To monitor body blood oxygen levels
To monitor levels of electrolytes
Blood sugar levels
Ensure adequate circulation
Blood pressure , mean pressure Pulse monitoring
Central venous pressure monitoring
Prepare for CVP line insertion
Seizure complication
Recurrent seizures
No interval of normal consciousness
Brain damaged
Uncontrolled form of seizure
Hypoxia
Control seizures
Initial therapy
Phenytoin infusion
Progressive seizure
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Management
Ensuring safety
Nurse in a cotbed
Cot sides closed
Padding sides with pillows
Ensure patent airway
Position on the lateral position
Neck hyperextended
Do not force anything inside the mouth
Give oxygen
Observe seizure
Duration
Body part affected
Any loss of consciousness
Any form of incontinence
Record
Insert intravenous line
Give anticonvulsants
Phenytoin
Neural stabilty
Prevent spread of seizure impulse
Not used in Petit mal seizure
Barbiturates
Raise the threshold for neural impulse formation
Prevent the spread of seizure impulse
Primidone
Similar action as barbiturates
Carbamazepine
Reduce polysynaptic response
Blocks the amplification of seizure impulse
Succinimides
Suitable for petit mal seizure
Benzodiazepines
Prevent the spread of seizure discharge