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Important metabolic processes - Coggle Diagram
Important metabolic processes
Introduction
For living organisms to perform all required life functions they require constant source of chemical potential energy, this source energy usually provided through photosynthesis, resulting energy rich organic compounds can be used immediately by photosynthetic organisms or be stored for later, and the energy gets passed know through food chain.
Research of organisms in deep trenches show that many of
them make use of chemicals being emitted by hydrothermal vents to produce their source of energy= chemosynthesis
Chemosynthesis
Use of chemicals to produce energy rich compounds, a bit like photosynthesis but no sunlight required, performed by bacteria and extremophiles
Photosynthesis
organisms like plants, seaweeds, single-celled algae and
many types of bacteria are able to take in Carbon dioxide (CO2) and Water (H2O) and bind them chemically to produce Glucose (C6H12O6) and Oxygen (O2), which is released as a by-product.
Energy to drive this reaction=sunlight
2 phases in photosynthesis both controlled by enzymes in Chloroplast
Light dependent phase
grana contain chlorophyll and other photosynthetic pigments, all of which are
capable of using different wavelengths of light to produce energy-rich ATP and remove Hydrogen from the water molecule left-over Oxygen from the water molecule is expelled as a waste product.
Chlorophyll responds to blue and red spectral light, but many of the photosynthetic pigments in brown and red seaweeds respond only to light at the blue end of the spectrum= adaptation to allow them to grow in deeper water, where only the shorter blue wavelengths can penetrate
Light independent phase /Calvin cycle
Takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast, ATP molecules drive the reaction to bond the Hydrogen and Carbon dioxide to form glucose, rich in chemical potential energy.
Glucose can then be stored as it is, for immediate use, or converted to other more complex, insoluble molecules, such as starch or fats, which can be stored as long-term energy reserves
Importance of photosynthesis
-Manufactures the food which drives most of the food chains on
land and sea.
-Provides the oxygen required by all aerobic organisms.
-Removes CO2 from the atmosphere and sea water.
Variables that affect the amount of photosynthesis taking place in the ocean
Light
Carbon dioxide
Temperature
Respiration
breaking down of organic compounds to provide energy. This energy is transferred to the parts of the cell needing it in the form of ATP.
Aerobic respiration
takes place in the cytoplasm and mitochondria of a cell and can be divided into three phases, all of which are governed by a range of different enzymes.
Glycolysis
In the cytoplasm, glucose molecule is broken down to release
two ATP molecules and energised Hydrogen atoms.
Krebs cycle
In central matrix of mitochondria, pyruvic acid releases more energised H atoms.
Oxidative phosphorylation
Controlled by enzymes on the cristae of the mitochondrion, energised H atoms release their energy to produce thirty-six molecules of ATP, depleted H atoms are bonded to free O atoms to form H2O.
Anaerobic respiration
Some organisms require no oxygen to survive end product will be things such as CO2 and ethanol produced by yeast cells=alcoholic fermentation
