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UNDERSTANDING OTHERS - Coggle Diagram

- - - - primary effect
        
        forming impressions, the first traits we perceive in others influence how we view information
        
        on the first impression that's make you on that someone makes you defines how they are later on
    - - its the tendency to stick with an initial judgment even in the face of new information that should prompt us to reconsider
      - even after the new surface of new traits we tend to still describe that person with the first impression that we make of them.
  - - - Internal attributions
        
        inference of a person behaving in a certain way because of something about that person
        
        such as attitude, character or personality.
        
        someone behaving that ways because of his past or that ways they were thought from child
      - External attributions
        
        someone behaving because of the situation that they are in .
        
        in ways that most people would respond the same way in that situation.
        
        example: a father scold their child because didn't looking left or right.
      - when try to explain on why people do as they do, we can make two attributions
      - our impressions differ depending on the type of attribution we make.
        
        internal attribution
        
        we develop negative impression and vice versa
    - - people take credits for their success by making internal attributions but blame the situations for the failure.
      - of success, we said that's all because of our hard work, our effort
      - if fail, we blame the situation, such as the exam or anything were to difficult,
      - why, self-serving attributions ?
        
        to maintain our self esteem,
        
        to make ourselves on other look good
- - - - people's facial expression
        
        evolution and facial expression
        
        Encode
        
        to express nonverbal behavior. such as smiling
        
        Decode
        
        to interpret the meaning of the nonverbal behavior
        
        more complicated for some reason.
        
        affect blends
        
        a part that can be other expression and some other part can be different emotion
        
        the same expression can have different implication
        
        1 more item...
        
        human all encode and decode expressions of emotions in the same ways
        
        facial expressions are universal but only for six major emotions
        
        research has indicated that emotion of pride exits cross-culturally.
        
        pride usually includes small smile, head titled a back slightly
        
        shame , the opposite of pride, usually expressed by slumped shoulder and a sunken chest, associated with losing.
        
        shock
        
        angry
        
        disgust
        
        afraid/fear
        
        saddness
        
        happy
        
        differences in interpreting nonverbal cues.
        
        Studies by Ekman
        
        display rules
        
        determine rules about which the nonverbal are ok to be used in some situation.
        
        such as crying for women is ok if in grief but seem weak to men
        
        are particular to a cultures
      - a ways that people communicate, intentionally or unintentional.
        
        without a word , nonverbal clues include facial expressions
        
        provides others with information about us and we use this nonverbal ways to learn about them too.
- - - - consensus information
        
        consent about everyone. are every one behave the same to us
        
        if yes, there must be wrong with they way us behave,
        
        if no, it must have something wrong with us
      - Distinctiveness information
        
        one particular individual that behave the same with us and everyone else/others
        
        if yes, there must be something wrong with them or that individual.
        
        if no, there must be something wrong with that particular individual.
      - Consistency information
        
        one individual behave the same with us and everyone else consistently
        
        if yes, maybe he need that something more than you
        
        if no, maybe that individual is something wrong such as not lend a car because he/she stingy
      - in process of forming an attribution , we gather 3 type of information
        
        ask if its there or not
    - - because so that we can understand others, don't just jump to a conclusion