All methods rely on there being a difference of some sort, usually in a physical property such as boiling point, between the substances being separated

Five common techniques are distillation, fractional distillation, filtration, crystallisation and chromatography

The choice of the method of separation depends on the nature of the substances being separated.

This is used to separate a liquid and soluble solid from a solution (e.g., water from a solution of salt water) or a pure liquid from a mixture of liquids

The solution is heated, and pure water evaporates producing a vapour which rises through the neck of the round bottomed flask

The vapour passes through the condenser, where it cools and condenses, turning into the pure liquid that is collected in a beaker

After all the water is evaporated from the solution, only the solid solute will be left behind

This substance will rise and evaporate first, and vapours will pass through a condenser, where they cool and condense, turning into a liquid that will be collected in a beaker

All of the substance is evaporated and collected, leaving behind the other components(s) of the mixture

The solution is heated to the temperature of the substance with the lowest boiling point

This is used to separate two or more liquids that are miscible with one another (e.g., ethanol and water from a mixture of the two)

When the temperature starts to increase to 100 ºC heating should be stopped. Water and ethanol are now separated

The mixture is heated until it reaches 78 ºC, at which point the ethanol boils and distills out of the mixture and condenses into the beaker

Ethanol has a boiling point of 78 ºC and water of 100 ºC

A piece of filter paper is placed in a filter funnel above a beaker

A mixture of insoluble solid and liquid is poured into the filter funnel

The filter paper will only allow small liquid particles to pass through as filtrate

Solid particles are too large to pass through the filter paper so will stay behind as a residue

The saturated solution is allowed to cool slowly

Crystals begin to grow as solids will come out of solution due to decreasing solubility

The solution is heated, allowing the solvent to evaporate, leaving a saturated solution behind

The crystals are collected by filtering the solution, they are washed with cold distilled water to remove impurities and are then allowed to dry

Used to separate a dissolved solid from a solution, when the solid is much more soluble in hot solvent than in cold (e.g., copper sulphate from a solution of copper (II) sulphate in water)

If the solution is saturated, crystals will form on the glass rod

Centrifugation can also be used for this mixture

If two or more substances are the same, they will produce identical chromatograms

If the substance is a mixture, it will separate on the paper to show all the different components as separate spots

This will show the different components of the ink / dye

An impure substance will show up with more than one spot, a pure substance should only show up with one spot

The solvent travels up the paper by capillary action, taking some of the coloured substances with it

The paper is then lowered into the solvent container, making sure that the pencil line sits above the level of the solvent, so the samples don’t wash into the solvent container

A pencil line is drawn on chromatography paper and spots of the sample are placed on it. Pencil is used for this as ink would run into the chromatogram along with the samples

This technique is used to separate substances that have different solubilities in a given solvent (e.g., different coloured inks that have been mixed to make black ink)

Those substances with higher solubility will travel further than the others