Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Kayla Ramirez Lymphatic/Immune system - Coggle Diagram
Kayla Ramirez Lymphatic/Immune system
Major functions of the Reproductive system (male and female)
Only body system a person does not need to survive
• Develops and maintains organs for production of offspring
• Gonads (testes and ovaries):
• Produce gametes (sex cells and hormones)
• Male sex cells: sperm
• Female sex cells: oocytes
• Male system delivers sperm to female
• Female system houses and nourishes developing embryo and fetus
Disorders associated with the reproductive system
The term sexually transmitted infection (STI) is used now, instead
of sexually transmitted disease (STD), since a person can have an
infection and transmit it, but not develop symptoms
• Many STIs have similar symptoms, such as fever, sores, blisters or
rashes, lower abdominal pain, discharge, painful intercourse
• Many STIs are silent or go unnoticed, especially in females
• One possible complication of the STIs gonorrhea and chlamydia is
pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), which may lead to infection and
sterility in females; uterine tube scarring may cause infertility
• Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), caused by HIV, can be
transmitted by sexual intercourse; HIV is found in semen; this results
in destruction of the body’s immune defenses, in which infections and
cancers can be fatal
Anatomy of male reproductive structures
Primary sex organs (gonads) of the male:
• Testes: produce sperm and hormones
Accessory (secondary) sex organs of the male:
• Internal and external reproductive organs
Male internal accessory organs
• Nurture and transport the sperm cells
• Each testis is associated with:
• An epididymis
• A ductus deferens
• A seminal vesicle
• Other accessory organs:
• Prostate gland
• Bulbourethral glands
Hormones of the reproductive system (male and female)
• Female Sex Hormones:
• At about 10 years of age, hypothalamus begins to secrete
more GnRH, which in turn stimulates the anterior pituitary
to produce LH and FSH
• 2 groups of female sex hormones are produced by ovary,
adrenal cortex, and placenta (during pregnancy):
• Estrogens
• Progesterone
Ovaries are main source of estrogens (when not pregnant)
• At puberty, the ovaries synthesize estrogens in response to FSH
• Estrogens: responsible for female secondary sexual
characteristics, such as breast development, sex organ
enlargement, increased adipose tissue deposition, and
increased vascularization of the skin
• Ovaries are also main source of progesterone (nonpregnant
female), which triggers uterine changes during the menstrual
cycle
• Androgens also play a role: produce some changes at puberty,
such as growth of pubic and axillary hair; low androgen
concentration allows the broadening of the hips
Events of the female hormonal cycles
• Characterized by monthly changes in uterine lining that lead to
menstrual flow (menses) as the endometrium is shed
• Menarche: first female reproductive cycle; occurs when
reproductive organs have matured and begin responding to
female hormones
• GnRH secretion from the hypothalamus causes secretion of FSH
and LH from the anterior pituitary
• FSH stimulates the maturation of a follicle in the ovary
• Follicular cells surrounding the developing oocyte secrete
estrogen and some progesterone
• LH stimulates cells to produce testosterone precursors, which
can be converted into estrogens in the ovary
Anatomy of female reproductive structures
Female reproductive organs perform the following functions:
• Produce and maintain sex cells (egg cells, oocytes)
• Transport these cells to the site of fertilization
• Provide environment for a developing fetus
• Deliver, feed and nurture offspring
• Produce female sex hormones
• Primary sex organs (gonads) are the ovaries, which produce
the sex cells and hormones
• Secondary (accessory) sex organs consist of the external and
internal reproductive organs
Methods and Classification of contraceptives
Coitus Interruptus: withdrawal of penis from vagina before
ejaculation; not very effective; some sperm may reach vagina
before ejaculation
• Rhythm Method: abstinence from sexual intercourse around
time of ovulation; difficult to determine time of ovulation; not
effective
• Mechanical Barriers: prevent sperm from entering vagina
during sexual intercourse; examples: male or female condoms,
diaphragm, cervical cap
• Chemical Barriers: contain spermicides; are more effective
when used with a condom; examples: creams, foams, jellies
• Combined Hormone Contraceptives: contain estrogen and
progestins to prevent pregnancy; disrupt normal hormonal
patterns of female cycle, and prevent follicle maturation and
ovulation; examples: chemical ring, patch, oral contraceptives