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Reproductive System McKenzie Nazionale Period 1 - Coggle Diagram
Reproductive System
McKenzie Nazionale
Period 1
major functions of the reproductive system
bring gametes from male and female through sexual intercourse
combine genetic info in gametes through fertilization
support development of fetus and birth
form specialized cells called sperm (males) and ova (females)
anatomy of male reproductive system
primary sex organ: testes
tunica vaginalis: outer layer derived from peritoneum
tunica albuginea: inner layer forms fibrous capsule
seminiferous tubules: site of sperm production
spermatic cord encloses nerve fibers, blood vessels, and lymphatics that supply testes
sperm matures in epididymus
sperm is developed through a series of ducts
epididymis
ductus deferens
ejaculatory duct
urethra
accessory sex glands: seminal glands, prostate, and bulbo-urethral glands
scrotum: sac of skin and superficial fascia
penis: external genitalia
prepuce: foreskin; cuff of loose skin covering glands
corpus spongiosum: surrounds urethra and expands to form glands and bulb of penis
corpus cavernosa: paired dorsal erectile bodies
seminal glands: produces viscous alkaline seminal fluid
prostate: secretes milky, slightly acid fluid
anatomy of female reproductive structures
primary sex organ: ovaries
ovarian ligament: anchors ovary medially to uterus
suspensory ligament: anchors ovary laterally to pelvic wall
ovarian follicles: tiny sac like structures embedded in cortex
internal genitalia: located in pelvic cavity and includes ovaries and duct system
external genitalia: external sex organs
labia majora
mons pubis
labia minora
vestibule
clitoris
female duct system
uterus
hollow thick ealled muscualr organ; functions to receive, retain, and nourish fertilized ovum
uterine wall has 3 layers
perimetrium: outermost
myometrium: middle
endometrium: mucosal lining
vagina
functions as birth canal, passageway for menstrual flow, and organ of copulation
uterine tubes
receive ovulated oocyte and are usual site of fertilization
infundibulum: opening to peritoneal cavity
mammary glands: milk production to nourish newborn
areola: pigmented skin around nipple
hormones of reproductive system
male
testosterone
female
estrogen
progesterone
male and female
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH): released from hypothalamus reaches anterior pituitary cells via hypophyseal portal system
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and lutenizing hormone (LH): gonadotropins released from anterior pituitary
inhibin: released from gonads in male and female and exerts negative feedback on FSH release from anterior pituitary
events of the female hormonal cycles
oogenesis
oogonia divide by mitosis to produce:
primary oocytes that undergo meiosis I to produce:
secondary oocytes that undergo meiosis II to produce:
ova
follicle development
phase 1: gonadotropin-independent pre-antral phase involves intrafollicular paracrines
phase 2: antral phase stimulated by FSH and LH
ovarian cycle
follicular phase: period of vesicular follicle growth
luteal phase: period of corpus luteum activity
ovulation
hormonal interaction during ovarian cycle
FSH and LH stimulate follicles to grow, mature, and secrete sex hormones
negative feedback inhibits gonadotropin release
GnRH stimulates FSH and LH secretion
positive feedback stimulates gonadotropin release
LH surge triggers ovulation and formation of the corupus luteum
Negative feedback inhibits LH and FSH release
uterine (menstrual cycle)
proliferative phase: rising estrogen levels prompt generation of new stratum functionalis layer; estrogen increases synthesis of progesterone receptors in endometrium; things sticky cervical muscus to facilitate sperm passage; ovulation occurs at the end on day 14
secretory: phase that is most consistent; endometrium prepares for embryo to implant
Menstrual phase: ovarian hormones are at lowest levels; gonadotropin levels rise; stratum functionalis detaches from uterine wall and is shed; on day 5, growing ovarian follicles produce more estrogen
disorders associated with the reproductive system
testicular cancer: rare, but most common cancer in men 15-35; having mumps leading to orchitis can be a risk factor; pain and solid mass in testes
prostatitis: common reason for a man to consult urologist
cervical cancer: frequent cervical inflammation; STIs; HPV; multiple pregnancies
breast cancer: arises from epitheleal cells of smallest ducts eventually matasize
methods and classification of contraceptives
diaphragm: dome shaped silicone cup placed into vagina with spermicide during sex
internal condom: condom pouch worn on the inside of the vagina during sex
pill: birth control pill taken everyday
external condom: latex, thin, protective sheath fitting snugly over penis
injectables: form of birth control shot in arm, hip, or under the skin
fertility awareness: having sex according to the ovarian cycle
IUD: implantation of intrauterine device placed in uterus
withdrawal: pull penis out of vagina before ejaculation during sex
male sterilization: surgical procedure of vasectomy
spermicides: chemical found in creams or gels that is put in vagina during sex to kill sperm
female sterilization: surgical procedure of tubal ligation