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Andy Rico P.6 Reproductive System - Coggle Diagram
Andy Rico P.6 Reproductive System
Major functions of the Reproductive system (male and female)
Male reproductive system function
Produce and transport Sperm
Ejaculate sperm into the female reproduction tract
Produce and secrete male sex hormones
The ultimate function is to reproduce however both male and female system are necessary
Female reproductive system function
Transport egg cells to fertilization site
Provide necessary environment for the developments and birth of a child
To produce and sustain a egg cell
Produce female sex hormones
The ultimate goal is to reproduce bit also needs the male reproductive system to complete this function
Anatomy of male reproductive structures
The anatomy of the male reproductive system is made out of a series of organs, ducts and glands. There is a further subdivision depending on there location relative to the body
Internal Genitalia
Accessory Glands
Seminal glands (vesicle)
Description: The two seminal glands that are in the path of sperm release
Function: To produce a viscous alkaline seminal fluid that is composed of: fructose, citric acid, coagulating enzymes, and protagladins, these subtsnace make up 70% of the semen that is released. It also acts as glands that joins the vas deference to the ejaculatory duct.
Prostate
Description:Gland that encircles the urethra and is inferior to bladder, the gland is made up of smooth muscle that will contract during ejaculation
Function: To secrete a fluid that is slightly acidic substance made out of citrate, enzymes and prostate-specific antigens.This substance plays a role in sperm activation
Bulbo-urethral glands (Cowper’s gland)
Description: Small gland located to the inferior of the prostate gland
Function: It produces a thick and clear mucus during sexual arousal that will lubricate the glans of the penis and neutralize traces of acidic urine in the urethra
Urinary bladder
Description: A hollow organ located in the pelvic region
Function: To store urine
Ducts
Ductus deferens
Description: A 45cm long duct or tube that passes through the inguinal canal to the pelvic cavity as well as joining the duct of seminal vesicles
Function: To transport sperm to the urethra getting ready for ejaculation
Ejaculatory duct
Description: The ejaculatory duct is a connection between the vas deferens and the urethra
Function: Its main function is just to connect the ductus deferens to the urethra and allow for the sperm to continue on its path to ejaculation
Epididymis
Description: A narrow coiled tube that connects the back of the testicles to the deferent duct
Function: It will store the sperm until it matures and then will move it along to the next duct for its eventual expulsion
Urethra
Description: A tube that runs through part of the pelvic region and through the penis
Function: Allow for the exit of both urine and sperm outside of the body
External genitalia
Penis
Function
This organ is used for urination as well as sexual intercourse
Description
The penis also reffed to as the male copulatory organ is made up of three types of tissue:
erectile tissues
It fills with blood and causes the penis to become enlarge and erectile
corpus spongiosum
It surrounds the urethra and will expand to from the bulb and glans of the penis
corpora cavernosa
They pair to the dorsal erectile bodies
The scrotum
Description: A sac of skin and superficial fascia that holds and protects the testicles
Function: The scrotum function is to protect the pair of testicles as well as regulate the temperature that the testicles are begin exposed to in order to improve sperm production.
Anatomy of female reproductive structures
The female reproductive system like the male one is composed of multiple, organs, glands and ducts however the female reproductive system is more complex as in addition to reproduction it will aslo maintain and nourish a fetus
Internal Genetelia
Ovaries
Description: Paired structure located in either side of the uterus, held in place thanks to ovarian ligaments and suspensory ligaments
Function: Through the process of the ovarian cycle, a secondary oocyte also known as a egg cell will be release from the ovaries and into the Fallopian tubes for possible fertilization
Duct system
Uterus
Description: A hollowed thick walled and muscular organ divided into multiple regions
Isthmus
The narrow inferior region
Cervix
The narrow neck that divides the uterus from the vagina
Fundus
The rounded superior region
Body
The major portion of the uterus
Cervical canal
Structure that communicates with vagina via external and uterine body
Uterine wall
There is 3 layers to the uterine wall
Myometrium
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Endometrium
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Perimetrium
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Function: To receive, retain and nourish the fertilized ovum
Vagina
Description: A thin walled duct of about 8-10 cm
Function: It functions as a birth-canal, a passageway for menstrual flow and organ copulation as well as producing vaginal secretions in adult females
Uterine tubes
Description: The Uterine tubes also called Fallopian tubes or oviducts are a pair of 10 cm tubes that connect the area of the ovaries with the top of the uterus. The uterine tubes have two other structures that help them with their function
Infundibulum: structure that captures and channels the released egg
Fimbriae: Finger like structure that function as receptors of the uterine tube for the eggs
Function: The function of the uterine tubes is to capture the oocytes released from ovulation and take it to the uterus, it also serves as a passage way for sperm to pass through as well as serving as the fertilization site.
External Genitalia
The female external genitalia is called the vulva or pudendum which is divided into
Labia minora:
Skin folds found inside the labia majora
Vestibule
Found within the labia minora
Labia majora:
Skin folds that are typically haired covered
Clitoris
Found on the back of the vestibule
Mons pubis:
A fatty area that is found over the pubic symphysis
Perineum
The region between the pubic arch and the coccyx
Mammary glands
Main function is for the production of milk in order to nourish the newborn and has the structure of the areolars which is a pigmented skin surrounding the nipple
Hormones of the reproductive system (male and female)
The hormones that are used by the reproductive system are used with the purpose of making the reproductive system viable for reproduction. The males and females have different sex hormones they used
Males
Testosterone
Causes enlargement of the reproductive organs such as testicles and penis,
Triggers the production of sperm
Causes the appearance of secondary sexual characteristics
Leutinizing hormone (LH)
Causes the testicles to make testosterone
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Stimulates testicular growth
Triggers spermatogenisis (Production of sperm in testicles)
Females
Leutinizing hormone (LH)
Regulates the length and order of the menstrual cycles
Plays role in triggering ovulation
Helps with the implantation of a egg in the uterus
Helps with the development of the corpus luteum
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Helps with the productionof eggs in the ovaries
The production of the follicles
Controls the menstrual cycle
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Regulates puberty, sexual development and ovulatory cycles
Estrogen
Causes oogenesis and follicle growth in the ovary
Induces secondary sexual characteristics
Maintains low blood cholesterol
It stimulates the pituitary gland in the brain fro the release of other hormones
Progesterone
Promotes changes in cervical mucous
Affects the placenta during pregnancy
Establishes a regulated uterine cycle
Helps prepare for lactation
Keeps the uterus in place
Events of the female hormonal cycles (be sure to include all categories)
The Uterine cycle
The uterine cycle occurs in the uterus, more specifically affecting the endometrium of the uterus due to changes in the number of sex hormones in the reproductive system. There is three phases to the uterine cycle and ovulation in between two of the phases.
Proliferative (preovulatory) phase (Day 6-14)
In this phase the endometrium also becomes thick and stikcy with cervical mucus
The estrogen levels will begin to rise during this phase, it is estrogen rise that will cause the development of a new stratum functionalis layer and increases the amounts of progesterone receptors in the endometrium
Secretory (postovulatory) phase (Day 15-28)
This is the phase that is most consistent in its time duration
During this phase, the endometrium is preparing to recive a fertilized egg and eventually a embryo to be implanted into the endometrium layer.
If the egg is never fertilized then:
The cells in the endometrium begin to die and glands will regress
The blood vessel fragments and the functional layer will begin to fall off and the uterine cycle will start again with menstruation
The corpus luteum will start to degenerate towards the end of the secretory phase which causes the amount of progesterone to decrease
Menstrual Phase (Day 1-5)
During this phase the ovarian hormones will be at there lowest level
It is in this phase that the gonatropin levels will start to increase
In this phase the stratum functionalis (layer found in the endometrium) will start to detach from the uterine wall and shed a combination of menstrual blood and tissues for day 3-5. in day 5 the ovarian follicles will also start to release more estrogen
Ovulation (Day 14)
Ovulation occurs during day 14 of the uterine cycle marking the end of the proliferative phase and the beginning of the secretory phase
The Ovarian Cycle
The ovarian cycle is a monthly event (28 days) in which the egg cells begin to mature. This cycle is made up of 2 phases, with ovulation acting more like a mid cycle between these two phases
Luteal phase(Day 14-28):
In the Luteal phase, after ovulation the ruptured follicle will start to shrunk. This will morph into the corpus luteum. This structure will start to secrete estrogen and progesterone
If a pregnancy does not occur, then the corpus luteum will degenerate into corpus albican, meaning that it will no longer produce estrogen and progesterone
If pregnancy does happen then the corpus luteum will produce hormones that will sustain the pregnancy until the placenta starts to produce the needed hormones
Follicular phase (Day 1-14) :
During this phase multiple vesicular follicles (mature follicles) that will become sensitive to the hormone FSH and will make them grow. From these ventricles one of them will become a dominant follicle especially sensitive to FSH.
The FSH levels will start to decrease around the middle of the follicular phase. So the Dominant follicle will be the one to go to the next stage while the other follicles will undergo atresia (The follicle stops growing and rather starts to die off)
It is during this phase that the primary occyte undergoes Meiosis I to from a secondary oocyte
Ovulation (Day 14)
This phase happens in between the folicullar phase and the Luteal phase
During this intermediately cycle the amount of LH will increase to a peak, this causes the follicule around the secondary oocyte to erupt and expell the oocyte into the fallopian tubes
Disorders associated with the reproductive system (including STI’s)
Testicular cancer
Description: The most common cancer among men in the ages of 15-35. Its risk factors include having mumps in the testicles, and the non descent of the testicles
Symptoms: A painless mass in the testicles
Treatment: 90% of the cases are cured by either surgical removal of the testis, or through radiation and chemotherapy
Prostate cancer
Description: The third most common cancer in males, cancer cells begin to develop within the prostate gland.
Treatment: Surgery and some times radiation
Cervical Cancer
Description: Condition that affects around 450,000 women, it is most common for women in between the ages of 30-15. Early detection is key for stopping the spread of the cancer, this is why women are recommended to get a pap smear for its detection
Risk factors: Cervical inflammation, having an STI or HPV, even multiple pregnancies
Breast Cancer
Treatment
Depending on the severity and progression of the cancer, treatments include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, radial mastectomy and lumpectomy
Risk Factors
No pregnancies or first pregnancy late in life
Family history of breast cancer
Early onset of menstruation and late menopause
Short periods of breast cancer
Description: The second most common cancer death in females in the USA. It is a hereditary condition caused by cancer cells forming due to epithelial cells or small ducts that eventually start to metastasize. It can be detected by self-examination or a mammography.
Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI)
A sexually transmitted infection is an infection caused by a bacteria, virus, or parasite that spreads from person to person by sexual intercourse. These STIs are also called Sexually Transmitted diseases (STD) or Venereal Disease (VD)
Virus
AIDS/HIV
Description: Viral infection that attacks the body own immune system and if not treated will lead to development of AIDS.The viruses that causes AIDS/HIV is the Human Immunodeficiency virus. It is spread through any type of sexual intercourse or sharing any type of needles or syringes.
Treatment/ Prevention: The treatment is antiviral therapy and life style changes to treat the symptoms, there is no cure for AIDS.The way to prevent the spread is through abstinence, not share needles and using condoms
Symptoms
Night sweats
Muscle aches
Fever, Chills, Rash
Swollen lymphocytes
Genital Herpes
Treatment/ Prevention: The treatment is a course of antiviral medications that do not cure the disease and rather treats the symptoms. It can be prevented through the use of latex condom and sexual abstinence
Symptoms
Painful sores
Some cases there is no symptoms
Blisters around the genitalia, rectum and mouth
Description: STI caused by a viral infection that affects the genitalia of both women and men. It is caused by the virus Herpes Simplex virus type 1 or 2. It is transmitted through sexual intercourse or from infected sores.
HPV/ Genital Warts
Description: The most common type of sexually transmitted infection, that affects around 79 million people. It is caused by the virus Human Papilloma virus. It is spread through sexual intercourse
Treatment/ Prevention: Treatment is prescription of antiviral medication. It is preventable through the usage of latex condoms, HPV vaccination and mutual monogamous relationship
Symptoms
Appearance of genital warts
The virus can cause cervical caner
Redness, burning, itching
Hepatitis
Description: Viral infection infection that can progress to a chronic condition that can cause life long health issues. It is transmitted trough sexual intercourse or contact with any blood semen or other body fluids from a infected person. It is cause by the virus Hepatitis A,B,C.
Symptoms
Cause liver damage
Pain in abdomen
Bedding
Treatment/ Prevention: Th treatment for the infection is antiviral medication that will not cure the disease rather just treat the symptoms. To prevent the spread through abstinence, avoid contact with bodily fluids.
Parasite
Trichomoniasis
Treatment/ Prevention: It can be treated with a course of antibiotics. It can be prevented by practicing abstinence or using latex condoms
Symptoms
Burning
Irritation
Itching
Some cases the person does not have any symptoms
Description: STI that infects the patient through a parasite, the parasite that causes the the diseases is called Trichomonas vaginalis.It is transmitted through sexual intercourse
Bacterial
Syphilis
Description: A sexually transmitted disease that can cause severe health problems if left untreated. It is caused by a bacteria called Treponema pallidum.
Treatment/ Prevention: The treatments for syphilis is antibiotics to kill the bacteria. The prevent the spread is for the person to be abstinence and in a long term monogamous relationship
Symptoms
Skin rashes
Fever
Appearance of sores
Lessions
Gonorrhea
Treatment/ Prevention: It is treated with antibiotics. It can be prevented by applying abstinence, use latex condoms or have a single sexual partner.
Symptoms
Burning sensation when urinating
White and yellow discharge
Painful and swollen testicles
Description: STI that can affect both women and men and effects the genital region of both.The infection is caused by the bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
Chlamydia
Description: It is a common STD that can infect both men and women. It can causes serious permanent damage to a women reproductive system. It is caused by a bacteria known as Chlamydia Trahometis and it is transmitted through sexual intercourse
Treatment/ Prevention: The treatment for bacteria is a course of antibiotics to kill the bacteria. In order to prevent the spread a person musty be in a long term monogamous relationship or use a latex condom
Symptoms
Abnormal vaginal discharge
Burning sensation when urinating
Rectal Pain
Bleeding
Bacterial Vaginosis
Symptoms:
A thin white or gray vaginal discharge
Pain, Itching, burning sensations
Burning when urinating
Treatment/ Prevention: The treatment are a course of antibiotics. The best way to prevent this disease is to limit the amount of sexual partners or stop having sex overall as well as not using a douche
Description: Condition that occurs when there is too much of a bacteria in a women vagina. There is no solid cause to this disease although it is authorized that it is due to sexual interaction
Methods and Classification of contraceptives
A contraceptive is a device or any object whose sole purpose is to prevent pregnancies and some of them also are able to prevent STI's. There are many types of contraceptives
Mechanical
External condom
Description:A thin protective sleeves that is placed on the penis.it must be used evrey time the person has sex and also is used to prevent STD's
Effectiveness: 82%
Side effects :
Allergic reaction
Irritation
Internal condom
Description: A device that is used to prevent the sperm from entering the uterus, must be used evrey time a person has sex and provides protection from some STD's
Effectiveness: 79%
Side effects:
Discomfort
Pain due to insertion
Burning sensation
Rash
Diaphragm
Effectiveness: 88%
Side effects:
Irritation
Allergic reaction
Urinary infection
Description: Device that prevents sperm from entering the uterus, the method must be used every time a person has sex
Chemical
Injectable
Description: Shot needs to be applied every 3 months
Effectiveness: 94%
Side effects:
Loss bone density
Headaches
Dizziness
Weight gain
Spermicide
Description: Chemical substance that kills sperm and must be applied every time the person has sex
Effectiveness:72%
Side effects:
Allergic reaction
Irritation
Urine tract infection
Pill
Effectiveness: 91%
Side effects:
Breast Tenderness
Headache
Nausea
Amenorrhea
Description: The pill must be swallowed every day there are multiple type of pills such a extended and mix
Behavioral
Withdrawal
Effectiveness:80%
Side effects
No side effects to this method
Description: The male must pull the penis out from the vagina before ejaculation
Fertility Awareness
Effectiveness: 76%
Side effects
No side effects
Description: Monitor fertility signs and begin abstinence or using a condom when women is on fertile days
Surgical
Male Sterilization
Effectiveness: 99%
Side effects:
Bleeding
Infection
Pain
Description: A one time procedure in which the duct that connects the testicles from the urethra in order to avoid the sperm to come out
IUD
Description: A small device that is surgically implanted into the uterus
Effectiveness: 99%
Side effects:
Cramps
Heavy and long periods
Abdominal Pains
Female sterilization
Effectiveness: 99%
Side effects:
Bleeding
Infections
Pain
Pelvis discomfort
Description: Permanent surgical procedure done on women to prevent any future pregnancy