Concept Map: Reproductive System
Methods/ Classifications of Contraceptives
Reproductive System Disorders
Hormones of Reproducitve System
Anatomy of Reproducitve Structures
Functions of Reproductive System
Female Hormonal Cycle Events
Surgical
Chemical
Mechanical
Behavioral: conscious behavior
Chemically alters hormones/cells in reproductive system
Spermicide: has to be used every time for sex; put in the vagina which kills sperm preventing it from contacting ovaries; 72% effective; possible allergic reaction
Injectables: injected in underarm under skin; every 3 months; can reduce cramps/ weight gain; 96% effective; possible lighter periods/ weight gain
Females: Tubal ligation; cuts uterine tubes to prevent sperm from reaching egg; 99.5% effective; possible infection
Male
Female
Male
Female
Male
Female
Males: vasectomy; prevents sperm production by cutting vas deferens; 99.85% effective; possible pain/ infection
External Condom: Put on penis every time for sex; protection against some STDS; 87% effective; can cause irritation/ allergic reaction
Internal condom: placed inside vagina every time sex is going to happen; protects against some STDS; 79% effective; can cause discomfort/ allergic reaction
Withdrawal: Pulling penis out of vagina before ejaculating; not very effective (80%); no side effects
Fertility awareness: Used daily tp keep track of fertility signs; use condoms on more fertile days; after day 14 of ovulation condoms not used; 76% effective; not very but there are no side effects
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Hepatitis: A: 3500 infections per year; common in countries without modern sanitation found in feces
Hep B: 50-100x more infections than HIV, leading cause of liver cancer, found in blood, vaginal fluid, semen, 50% of people don't know they'e infected
Hep C: Found in blood
Gonorrhea: msot common STD for teens age 15-24; causes serious health problems
Chlamydia; easily cured if caught early; can cause permanent damage to the female reproductive system; infertilization, inflammatory disease, higher chance of HPV
Trichomoniasis: common STD; Cause: "trichomoal vaginalis
Genital herpes
AIDS/ HIV: Hiv= virus; attacks immune system so it isn't able to fight off infections/ diseases; can lead to AIDS
Syphiulis: divided into 4 stages: primary, secondary, latent, tertiary
HPV/ Genital warts: MOST common STD; different than HIV/HSV; 79 million teens and people in 20s get it annually; can lead to cervical cancer, vulva/ vagina/ anus/ penis cancer, tonsil coropagenial cancer
Stages: Primary: cold sores at original site; secondary: skin rash, swollen lymph nodes; latewnt: no symptoms at all; tertiary: severe stage: heart, brain, other organs get severe damage
Transmitted by: Unclean needles; unprotected vaginal, anal, oral sex, can be transmitted mother to baby
Signs: STD spread during anal, oral, vaginal sex; sores on rectum, lips, mouth, infected mother can pass it onto her unborn child
treatment: antibiotics; can't undo already done damage;
Prevention: abstinence; latex condos, frequent tests for syphilis
Cause: herpes simplex vrius (HSV-1) and (HSV-2); 1/6 people in U.S. get it annually
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Transmitted by: males most lilkley transmit it to their feamle partner during sex; touching sores, sex w/ infected person
Signs: painful genital sores, pregnant women can experience miscarriages (neonatal)
Treatment: No treatment; antiviral medication prevent outbreaks
Prevention: latex condoms; abstinence if partner still has signs/ symptoms
Transmission: sex with an infected person, male partners can still transmit infection, pregnancy mother tot child
Symptoms: most common symptoms: no symptoms; damage to reproductive system;
Females: burning urination, abnormal vaginal discharge
Males: swelling/ painful testicles with penile discharge (pus)
Treatment: Medication
Prevention: getting tested every three months to make sure it doesn't come back
Transmission: vaginal, anal, oral sex with an infected person;
Symptoms: discharge, soreness, bleeding, painful bowel movements, burning sensation, swollen testicles, green discharge
Treatment: medication to cure the infection; won't undo permanent damage
Prevention: testing for gonorrhea; latex condoms, abstinence
Transmission: Hepatitus A: eating food/ water with fecal matter from an infected person; sex with infected person
Hepatits B: contact w fluids of infected person, touching contaminated items, infected mom passes it to fetus
Hepatitis C: sharing contaminated needles, monitors, etc; contact w blood
Signs/ symptoms: Hepatits A: sickness, liver damage;
Hepatis B: sickness for motnhs, chronic infection, liver diases/ cancer;
Hepatis C: Chronic infection, Hep. C-related liver disease
Treatment: A: no treatment; body clears it on its own;
B: antiviral medications;
C: direct-acting viral medication
Preventing: A: vaccinate all children under the age of one, also safe food/ water
B: HBIG (hep. b immuno-globulin;
C: no contact w/ blood since it could be contaminated
Transmission: sex usually vagina to penis, vagina to vagina
Symptoms: 70%= no symptoms; 30% who have symptoms get it 5-28 days after infection;
Males: itching/ irritation of penis, burning after urinating
Females: itching, redness, burning
Treatment: prescroption antibiotic, okay if taken when pregnant
Prevention: latex condoms/ abstinence
Transmission: sexual contact, blood products, unprotected vaginal/ anal sex; transmitted from mother to fetus
Symptoms: fever, chills, muscle aches, swollen lymph nodes, pneumonia, fatigue
Treatment: no cure exists; anti-retroviral therapy elongates life
Prevention: regularly tested, not injecting drugs, latex condoms, Drep vaccine
Transmission: vaginal, anal/ oral unprotected sex with infected person
Signs: genital cauliflower-shaped warts; doesn't cause many real problems
Treatment: vaccination, screening for cervical cancer, females 21-65 after getting it can't get rid; prescription mdication, PAP tests
Preventing: latex condoms, abstinence, HPV vaccine
PID: Inefection of female reproductive organs; caused by chlamydia/ gonorrhea
Transmission: multiple sex partners, douching, using an IUD Signs: bleeding when not on period, bleeding during sex, fever, vaginal discharge with bad odor
Treatment: Early treatment won't undo damage; getting tested/ using antibiotics
Preventing: abstinence, being with partner who doesn't have STDs, latex condoms
Testes: primary sex organs that produce gametes, which are sperm; sex hormones produced as well whcih develops fucntion of reproductive organs, libido, sex havior
Accessory organs: glands, external genitalia, ducts
Scrotum: needs to be -3 degrees lower for sperm production
Testes: tunica vaginalis is the outer layer, peritoneum; tunic albugnea: inner layer= fibrous capsule
LH:Lutenizing hormones: Released from anterior pituitary
Testoserone: transformed at target cells creating spermatogenis; secondary sex charcateristics promotion
FSH: Follicle stimulating hormone: released from anterior pituitary
GnRH: gonadotropin-releasing hormone; goes through hypophyseal portal system to reach anterior pituitary cell
Scrotum: sac of skin, superficial fascia; root of penis
Penis: roof/ shaft ends in glans penis; foreskin= prepuce that is loose skin; covers glans penis; internal penis: spongy urethra/ 3 bodies of erectile tissue
Seminiferous tubes: Sperm production site
Male duct system: epididymis, ductus deferns, ejaculatory duct, urethra
Epididymis contractions: occrus during ejaculation and expels sperm to ductus deferens (vas defererns)
Vas deferens: form of ejaculatory duct; goes from inguinal cavity to pelvic; joins seminile vesicle unit
Sperm convention: Semineferous tubes to straight tube to rete leans to efferent ductules to epididymus, which expels it to vas deferens, then urethra, then penis ejaculation
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Penis penis continued: Corpus Spongiosum: surronds urethra; expands to glans/ penis bulbs
Corpus cavernosa: paired dorsal erectile bodies; forms erection with blood, becomes rigid
Male accessory glands
Seminal, Prostate (by urethra below bladder, cowper's gland
Accessory glands functions:
Copwer's gland: clear mucus during sexual arousal, lubes glans penis and neutralizes aciditiy
Prostate gland: smooth muscle contracts w ejaculation; creates milky, acid fluid
Seminal: smooth muscle contracts during ejaculation and produces viscous alkaline fluids
Viscous alkaline seminal fluid: enzymes, citrate; activates sperm
Alkaline fluid:male urethra acidity neutralizes vaginal acidity
Spermatogenis: startign on seminifeous tubules; Sperm regions (3): Head: nuclelus and acrosome (hydrolytic enzymes) which penetrate egg; 2) midpiece: mitochondria creates ATP to move tail; 3) Tal: Locomotor w flagellum
2ndary sex characteristics: Testoserone effects; pubic/ chest/ facial hair, voice change w larynx, oily skin, denser bones, skeletal muscle growth, basal metabolic rate, libido base
Anatomy: ovaries= female gonads, paired flank uterus; divided into ovary ligaments; Ovarian: anchors ovary medially to uterus, 2) suspensory: Anchors ovary to pelvic wall; Broad ligament: supports uterine tubes, uterus, vagina
Anatomy: ovaries= female gonads make ova and sex hormones (estrogen: estradiol, esterone, esteriois) and progesterone; Ovaria follciels;have oocytes (immature eggs) encased by cells; ripe follicle= egg ejection
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Female duct system: Uterine Tube system: no ovary contact; in peritoneal cavity ; system: Uterine tubes 2) Uterus 3) vagina
uterine tubes: (fallopian, oviducts, FERTILIZATION SITE
ovary-> superior region of uterius-
Indundibulum: tunnel shaped opening to peritnoeal cavity; has fimbrae wich are ciliated projections; FERTILIZATIONSITE
Uterine tube: captures oocyte; smooth muscle goes through PERISTALIS:moving to uterus; Uterus functions: outlet goes to cervix then vagina
Uterus: thick muscular organ; cervical canal, uterine body: interalos
Cervical canal: communicates w/ vagina
Uterine walls: (3) perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium
Myometrium:bulky internal layers of smooth muscle; contracts
Endometrium: innermost; mucus lining w lamina propia; egg develops here
Perimetrium: outermost visceral peritonem
External genitalea: vulva (5) parts
labia minora: skin folds Ilabia majora
Vestibule: recess in labia minora
labia majora: hair-covered; fat skin folds (female foreskin)
Clitoris: antrior vestibule; erectile tissue
mons pubis: on top of pubic symphysis
Mammary Glands; have aerolas
Mammary glands: breasts= fat deposits, prudce milk and 15-25 lobes of sweat
Oogenisis: gamete productionl starts at fetal period; oogonia: diploid stem cells proudce secondary oocytes produce OVA
FOllicular Phase: vesicular (antral) follicles affected by FSH; grow and the dominant follicle is particularly sensitive to FSH; FSH leveks drop mid-follcular phase; dominant follicle continues; rest= atresia; preparation for eventual egg release
Ovulation: ovary wall ruptures, 2ndary oocyte expelled; 14th day egg fully matured and expelled after ovulation estrgen levels lower; LH rutpures follicle and corpus luteum secretes progesterone; Negative feedback: no LH/ FSH release
Menstruation
Luteal Phase: reuputred follicle collapses; antrum fills w blood; extra cells= corpus luteum activity; secrete estrogen and progestrerone; if no pregnancy occurs the corpus lutem scars and becomes corpus albias
Ovarian follicle: closes over one oocyte; 3 follicle development stages: 1) primordial, transforms to secondary follicle surroudning primary ocyte, then vesicular follicles have antrum; primary oocytes in vesicular follicle resume meiosis, become secondary oocyte
Follicle development : 2 stages: 1) gonadoindependent preontreal phas, 2) antreal ohase, stimulated by FSH/ LH
Ovarian cycle: has 2 phases; Follicular and Luteal; OVULATIONOCCURSBETWEEN THESE PHASES
During ovarian cycle: Hormones work
1) GNrh stimulates FSH/ LH secretion; 2) FSH/ LH stimukate follicle maturation and create sex hormones; FSHcells release estrogen, LH cells release androgens/ estrogens
negstive feedback doesn't release gonadotropin
Positive feedback releases gonadotropin, raising estrogen levels and LH triggered to surge
5) LH increase: obulation and corpus luteum formation; progesterone= prepares for pregnancy
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Estrogen: Promotes oogenis; and follcile growth for ovary
Progesterone: works w estoegen to regulate uterine cycle; promotes cervical mucus; placental progesterone: pregnancy, prepares mammary glands for lactation
anabolic effect on reproducitve tract; quick pubverty spurts; promotes secondary sex characteristics (breasts, widened pelvis) metabolic effects: lowers blood cholesterol
days 1-5: low ovarian hormones and higher gonadotropin levels; uterus lining no longer used
days 6-14: proliferation/ preovulatory phase: endometirum lining becomes thick; estorgen = high
days 15-28: secretory/ postovulatory phase: endometrium= embryo implantation; 14- complete cycle end; prgesterone secreted from corous luteum; clear fluid produced