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Infections of the compromised host and transplantation - Coggle Diagram
Infections of the compromised host and transplantation
Immuncompromised host
Defects
More likely to catch disease
Severe disease
Opportunistic pathogens
Nature and severity of infection
Immunosuppression
Innate IS defects
Primary
Phagocytic cell dysfunction
Reactive oxygen intermediates
Cytochrome b245
Complement system failure
C3 convertase
Secondary
Trauma and surgery
Destroy integrity
Disrupt blood flow
Seed microbes
Biofilms
Catheters
Stops flushing
Foreign bodies e.g., heart valves
Burn wounds
Mechanical barriers
Neutrophil function
Water/electrolyte inbalance
Become colonised
Further damage
Obstruction
Ciliary escalator
Urine flow
Flora ascends up
Adaptive immunodeficiencies
Primary
Lymohocyte differentiation
No T cells
No B cells
Differentiation pathways
Non-functional recombinase enzyme
Secondary
Malnutrition
Affects lymphoid organs
Chemotactic response
Secretory and mucosal IgA
IgG affinity
T cells
Infectious agents
Immunosuppressive
E.g., HIV leads to AIDs
Neoplasia
Overproliferation and dysfunction
Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Neutropenia
Lack of neutrophils
Chemotherapy
Cytotoxic
Corticosteroids
Immunosuppressive
Transplantation
Types
Autograft
Same individual
Isograft
Between twins
Same MHCs
Allograft
Between individuals
Different MHCs
Reject
Xenograft
Between species
Reject
Solid organ rejection
Hyper-acute rejection
Blood flows through graft
Pre-formed antibodies
Immediately react with graft's antigens
Complement
Hypersensitivity type II
Inflammation
Vascular blockage
Failure and rejection
Acute rejection
After first week
Antigens seen first time
No pre-formed antibodies
Poorly matched graft
Insufficient immunosuppressant therapy
T-cell mediated
Inflammation, tissue and capillary destruction
Failure and rejection
Chronic rejection
Fibrosis
Vascular abnormalities
Prolonged period
Low-level immune-mediated (T cell) damage
Regeneration and remodellling
Graft-versus-host disease
Graft can reject host
Areas with many immune cells
MHC antigens as foreign
Graft T cells
Clonal expansion
Immune response