Mt Merapi, E-16, Japan and Nepal

Mt Merapi -- 2010

E-16 -- 2010

Located on the Island of Java

Impacts

Killed over 300 people

Yogiakarta airport had to be close due to ash

How it is modified

The government have tried to move people off the steeps slopes of the mountain so that they are out of harms way -- loss

Government have cleared river valleys so as to create paths for Lahars -- event

Indonesia's Centre of Volcanology and Geological Hazard
Mitigation (CVGHM) monitor over 60 volcanoes -- vulnerability

410,000 people made refugees

Indonesia is an EDC with a GNI per capita of $11,750

Located in Iceland along the Mid-Atlantic ridge

On a destructive plate margin

Iceland is an AC with a GNI per capita of $60,000

On a destructive plate boundary

Impacts

Heathrow forced to cancel 1,000 flight over the period and this had a significant impact the share value of airlines.

Europe sees a $2.6 billion drop in GDP

Local population evacuated to avoid ash and flooding

How it is modified

They have extensive high tech monitoring of volcanoes through measuring movement in the land and temperature -- vulnerability

Holes are created in roads so as to prevent flooding and the destruction of bridges -- event

Populations are movable and are happy to be evacuated -- loss

Japan -- 2011

Impacts

Around 16,000 people killed

Fukashima nuclear power plant went into meltdown, all nuclear power plants were shut down

Thousands of homes and buildings destroyed, £181 billion in damage

How is it modified

Japan are the world leaders in aseismic design -- vulnerability

Japan has a national earthquake day to prepare people -- loss

Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) monitors the threat from earthquakes -- vulnerability

AC, with the 3rd largest GDP in the world

Magnitude 9 earthquake

Responses

Short term

100,000 soldiers deployed in search and rescue

Exclusion zone around the Fukashima power plant

UK sent search and rescue teams over

Long term

New and improved tsunami warning system

30% of power was nuclear and so fossil fuels were used until 2016 when they were reopened

Reconstruction zone with tax incentives to encourage investment

Nepal -- 2015

7.8 magnitude

LIDC, with the 103rd biggest economy

Impacts

8,000 killed

Holy sights and cultural sights destroyed by landslides

Tourism was badly effected and it made up 10% of GDP

How is it modified

Well trained army is used as search and rescue -- loss

Deforestation has been regulated to prevent landslides -- vulnerability

National Society for Earthquakes Technology and Disaster Preparedness who identify high risk areas and perform community education -- vulnerability

Responces

Short term

Long term

Asian Development bank loaned them $200 million

$1 billion in aid from China

30 tonnes of humanitarian aid from the UK

Tent cities around the capital Kathmandu

90% of soldiers mobilised for recovery

Pop up hospitals used

Lake Nyos -- 1986

Deadly chemicals released by a limnic eruption built up under a lake in a caldera of a volcaneo, when the water was disturbed the chemicals escaped and covered three local village.

100,000 tonnes of CO2 escaped.

1,746 villagers and 3,000 cows were killed.

29% of Indonesia's population are farmers.