Mt Merapi, E-16, Japan and Nepal
Mt Merapi -- 2010
E-16 -- 2010
Located on the Island of Java
Impacts
Killed over 300 people
Yogiakarta airport had to be close due to ash
How it is modified
The government have tried to move people off the steeps slopes of the mountain so that they are out of harms way -- loss
Government have cleared river valleys so as to create paths for Lahars -- event
Indonesia's Centre of Volcanology and Geological Hazard
Mitigation (CVGHM) monitor over 60 volcanoes -- vulnerability
410,000 people made refugees
Indonesia is an EDC with a GNI per capita of $11,750
Located in Iceland along the Mid-Atlantic ridge
On a destructive plate margin
Iceland is an AC with a GNI per capita of $60,000
On a destructive plate boundary
Impacts
Heathrow forced to cancel 1,000 flight over the period and this had a significant impact the share value of airlines.
Europe sees a $2.6 billion drop in GDP
Local population evacuated to avoid ash and flooding
How it is modified
They have extensive high tech monitoring of volcanoes through measuring movement in the land and temperature -- vulnerability
Holes are created in roads so as to prevent flooding and the destruction of bridges -- event
Populations are movable and are happy to be evacuated -- loss
Japan -- 2011
Impacts
Around 16,000 people killed
Fukashima nuclear power plant went into meltdown, all nuclear power plants were shut down
Thousands of homes and buildings destroyed, £181 billion in damage
How is it modified
Japan are the world leaders in aseismic design -- vulnerability
Japan has a national earthquake day to prepare people -- loss
Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) monitors the threat from earthquakes -- vulnerability
AC, with the 3rd largest GDP in the world
Magnitude 9 earthquake
Responses
Short term
100,000 soldiers deployed in search and rescue
Exclusion zone around the Fukashima power plant
UK sent search and rescue teams over
Long term
New and improved tsunami warning system
30% of power was nuclear and so fossil fuels were used until 2016 when they were reopened
Reconstruction zone with tax incentives to encourage investment
Nepal -- 2015
7.8 magnitude
LIDC, with the 103rd biggest economy
Impacts
8,000 killed
Holy sights and cultural sights destroyed by landslides
Tourism was badly effected and it made up 10% of GDP
How is it modified
Well trained army is used as search and rescue -- loss
Deforestation has been regulated to prevent landslides -- vulnerability
National Society for Earthquakes Technology and Disaster Preparedness who identify high risk areas and perform community education -- vulnerability
Responces
Short term
Long term
Asian Development bank loaned them $200 million
$1 billion in aid from China
30 tonnes of humanitarian aid from the UK
Tent cities around the capital Kathmandu
90% of soldiers mobilised for recovery
Pop up hospitals used
Lake Nyos -- 1986
Deadly chemicals released by a limnic eruption built up under a lake in a caldera of a volcaneo, when the water was disturbed the chemicals escaped and covered three local village.
100,000 tonnes of CO2 escaped.
1,746 villagers and 3,000 cows were killed.
29% of Indonesia's population are farmers.