Reproductive System-Brianna Mayorga p.6

Major Functions of the Rep. System

Anatomy of Male Reproductive Structures

Anatomy of Female Reproductive System

Hormones of the Rep. System

Events of the Female Hormonal Cycle

Disorders Associated with the Rep. System

Methods & Classification of Contraceptives

Some tasks are similar in both male & female

  1. To form cells for sexual reproduction call gametes
  1. To bring male and female gametes together through sexual intercourse or also known as copulation
  1. To combine the genetic information that are within the gametes through fertilization, which is also known as a zygote
  1. To support development of the fetus (gestation) and birth of the baby (parturition)

Testes: lie within the scrotum and contains seminiferous tubules which is the site of sperm production

Scrotum: sac of skin that contains the testes and helps regulate the temperature of them

Testicular cancer: rare but common, painless but solid mass in testis, 90% cured by surgical removal

Male duct system

Epididymis: where sperm matures; when contracted it expels the sperm to the vas

Vas deferens: passes from inguinal canal to pelvic cavity; joins seminal vesicle to form ejaculatory duct

Urethra: conveys urine and semen

Penis: male copulatory organ; when erected tissue fills up with blood and becomes rigid;

Seminal glands: smooth muscle that contracts during ejaculation; produces viscous alkaline seminal fluid which makes up 70% of semen

Prostate gland: smooth muscle that contracts during ejaculation; secretes milky, slightly acid fluid

Bulbo-urethral gland(Cowper's): produce clear, think mucous which serves as lubricant; neutralizes acidic pathways of urethra

Prostatitis which leads to prostate cancer: treated with surgery and sometimes through radiation; third most common cancer in men

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone: released by hypothalamus and reaches pituitary cells

FSH & LH: gonadotropins released from pituitary anterior

Testosterone: male sex hormone

Estrogen: female sex hormone; responsible for secondary sex characteristics and preparing the body for pregnancy; promotes oogenesis and follicle growth

Progesterone: female sex hormone; responsible for sustaining and nourishing the fetus

Ovaries: produces female gametes and female sex hormones

Female duct system:

Uterine tubes: receives ovulated oocyte and is the usual site of fertilization

Uterus: hollow, thick muscle organ; receives, retains and nourishes fertilized ovum

Vagina: birth canal, menstrual flow passageway, & organ of copulation

Body: major portion

Fundus: round superior portion

Isthmus: inferior narrow portion

Cervix: narrow neck that projects into the vagina

Cervical cancer: cervical inflammation; most common in ages 30-55 in women

3 Walls: perimetrium (outermost serous membrane), myometrium (bulky middle layer, contracts during childbirth), & endometrium (mucosal lining)

External genitalia

Also called vulva or pudendum

Mons pubis: fatty area in pubic symphysis

Labia majora: hairy, fatty skin folds

Labia minora: skin folds that underlie within the labia majora

Vestibule: within labia minora

Clitoris: anterior to vestibule

Mammary glands: normally function in women; main function is for milk production

Breast cancer: 2nd most common cancer in women; arises from epithelial cells that metastasize; can be due to inheritance

Oogenesis: production of female gametes

Ovulation: ever month after puberty, selected few primary oocytes are activated (which is the release of
egg)

Follicle development

Stages of follicle development

A primordial follicle becomes primary follicle:

▪ Follicle is now called primary (1) follicle (Step 2)

Then and oocyte secretes a glycoprotein-rich substances that forms zona pellucida that encirlces the oocyte

The primary follicle becomes secondary follicle:

▪ Primary follicle is now called the secondary follicle (Step 3)

The secondary follicle becomes the vesicular (or antral) follicle:

▪ Antrum: large cavity filled with fluid coalesces

Distinguished between the vesicular follicle from previous follicles (or pre-antral vs. antral)

The Ovarian Cycle: a monthly series of events that are associated with the maturation of an egg ( about 28 days usually)

The Uterine(Menstrual) Cycle:

Follicular Phase: period of vesicular follicle growth (days 1–14)

Luteal Phase: period of corpus luteum activity (days 14–28)

Ovulation: in between follicular and luteal phase; ovary wall ruptures which leads to the expelling of the secondary oocyte with its corona radiata
into the peritoneal cavity

Days 1-5 (Menstrual Phase): the ovarian hormones are at their lowest; the stratum functionalis detaches from uterine wall and sheds which is known as the menstrual flow of blood and tissue

Days 6-14 (Proliferative Phase): the rising estrogen levels induce a new stratum functionalis layer; the estrogen also increases the synthesis of progesterone receptors in endometrium; ovulation occurs at day 14!

Days 15-28 (Secretory Phase): most consistent phase; the endometrium is preparing for embryo implantation; if there is no fertilization then menstrual phase occurs again bc progesterone lvls drop which causes uterine wall to shed again

Surgical

Behavioral

Mechanical

Female sterilization: tubal ligation in female, cutting of the uterine tubes that prevents sperm to reach egg; effectiveness: 5/100; side effects: pain, bleeding, & risk of infection

Male sterilization: vasectomy=removal of small portion of vas deferens; efectiveness: 15/100; side effects: pain, bleeding, & risk of infection

Fertility awareness: monitor fertility signs and abstain; effectiveness: 24/100; no side effects

Withdrawl: pulling out penis out of vagina before ejaculation; effectiveness: 20/100; no side effects

Diaphragm: put inside the vagina with spermicide; effectiveness: 12/100; side effects: allergic reaction and irritation

Internal condom: put in vagina; effectiveness: 21/100; side effects: allergic reactions & irritation

External condom: put over penis; effectiveness: 21/100; side effects: allergic reaction & irritation

Chemical

Injectables: injection of progesterone derivative which prevents maturation & ovulation; effectiveness: 4/100; side effects: weight gain

IUD: objects implanted in the uterus are toxic which prevents implantation of embryo; effectiveness: 2/100; side effects: discomfort with placement

Pill: contains progesterone & estrogen to prevent pregnancy, disrupts normal hormonal patterns; effectiveness: 8/100; side effects: nausea & risk for blood clot

Spermicides: put in vagina; effectiveness: 26/100; side effects: allergic reaction & irritation

STIs

Syphilis: causes health problems by treponema panidum; transmitted by anal, oral & vaginal sex; treated with antibiotics; prevented by latex condoms

Genital Herpes: caused by herpes simplex viruses types 1 & 2; transmitted by oral, anal, & vaginal sex; treated by antiviral medications; prevented by latex condoms

Chlamydia: affects both men & women; caused by chlamydia trachomatis; transmitted by oral, anal, & vaginal sex; treated with antibiotics; prevented by using condom or not having sex

Gonorrhea: infects genital, rectum, & throat; caused by neisseria gonorrhoease; transmitted by anal, oral, & vaginal sex; treated by antibiotics; prevented by not having sex

Trichomoniasis: caused by infection with a prolozoanparasite; transmitted by oral, anal, & vaginal sex; treated with antibiotics; prevented with latex condoms

AIDS: weakens a person's immune system; transmitted by anal, oral, & vaginal sex; no cure; prevented by getting tested & not having sex

HPV: genital warts or cancers; caused by human papillomaviruses; transmitted by anal, oral, & vaginal sex; treated by antibiotics; prevented by using latex condoms

PID: infection of a woman' rep. organs; caused by chlamydia trachomatis & neisseria gonorrhoea; transmitted by anal, oral, & vaginal sex; treated by antibiotics; prevented by not having sex

Bacteria Vaginosis: too much bacteria in vagina; caused by gardnerella vaginalis; transmitted by vaginal, oral, & anal sex; treated by antibiotics; prevented by not having sex