Reproductive System-Brianna Mayorga p.6
Major Functions of the Rep. System
Anatomy of Male Reproductive Structures
Anatomy of Female Reproductive System
Hormones of the Rep. System
Events of the Female Hormonal Cycle
Disorders Associated with the Rep. System
Methods & Classification of Contraceptives
Some tasks are similar in both male & female
- To form cells for sexual reproduction call gametes
- To bring male and female gametes together through sexual intercourse or also known as copulation
- To combine the genetic information that are within the gametes through fertilization, which is also known as a zygote
- To support development of the fetus (gestation) and birth of the baby (parturition)
Testes: lie within the scrotum and contains seminiferous tubules which is the site of sperm production
Scrotum: sac of skin that contains the testes and helps regulate the temperature of them
Testicular cancer: rare but common, painless but solid mass in testis, 90% cured by surgical removal
Male duct system
Epididymis: where sperm matures; when contracted it expels the sperm to the vas
Vas deferens: passes from inguinal canal to pelvic cavity; joins seminal vesicle to form ejaculatory duct
Urethra: conveys urine and semen
Penis: male copulatory organ; when erected tissue fills up with blood and becomes rigid;
Seminal glands: smooth muscle that contracts during ejaculation; produces viscous alkaline seminal fluid which makes up 70% of semen
Prostate gland: smooth muscle that contracts during ejaculation; secretes milky, slightly acid fluid
Bulbo-urethral gland(Cowper's): produce clear, think mucous which serves as lubricant; neutralizes acidic pathways of urethra
Prostatitis which leads to prostate cancer: treated with surgery and sometimes through radiation; third most common cancer in men
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone: released by hypothalamus and reaches pituitary cells
FSH & LH: gonadotropins released from pituitary anterior
Testosterone: male sex hormone
Estrogen: female sex hormone; responsible for secondary sex characteristics and preparing the body for pregnancy; promotes oogenesis and follicle growth
Progesterone: female sex hormone; responsible for sustaining and nourishing the fetus
Ovaries: produces female gametes and female sex hormones
Female duct system:
Uterine tubes: receives ovulated oocyte and is the usual site of fertilization
Uterus: hollow, thick muscle organ; receives, retains and nourishes fertilized ovum
Vagina: birth canal, menstrual flow passageway, & organ of copulation
Body: major portion
Fundus: round superior portion
Isthmus: inferior narrow portion
Cervix: narrow neck that projects into the vagina
Cervical cancer: cervical inflammation; most common in ages 30-55 in women
3 Walls: perimetrium (outermost serous membrane), myometrium (bulky middle layer, contracts during childbirth), & endometrium (mucosal lining)
External genitalia
Also called vulva or pudendum
Mons pubis: fatty area in pubic symphysis
Labia majora: hairy, fatty skin folds
Labia minora: skin folds that underlie within the labia majora
Vestibule: within labia minora
Clitoris: anterior to vestibule
Mammary glands: normally function in women; main function is for milk production
Breast cancer: 2nd most common cancer in women; arises from epithelial cells that metastasize; can be due to inheritance
Oogenesis: production of female gametes
Ovulation: ever month after puberty, selected few primary oocytes are activated (which is the release of
egg)
Follicle development
Stages of follicle development
A primordial follicle becomes primary follicle:
▪ Follicle is now called primary (1) follicle (Step 2)
Then and oocyte secretes a glycoprotein-rich substances that forms zona pellucida that encirlces the oocyte
The primary follicle becomes secondary follicle:
▪ Primary follicle is now called the secondary follicle (Step 3)
The secondary follicle becomes the vesicular (or antral) follicle:
▪ Antrum: large cavity filled with fluid coalesces
Distinguished between the vesicular follicle from previous follicles (or pre-antral vs. antral)
The Ovarian Cycle: a monthly series of events that are associated with the maturation of an egg ( about 28 days usually)
The Uterine(Menstrual) Cycle:
Follicular Phase: period of vesicular follicle growth (days 1–14)
Luteal Phase: period of corpus luteum activity (days 14–28)
Ovulation: in between follicular and luteal phase; ovary wall ruptures which leads to the expelling of the secondary oocyte with its corona radiata
into the peritoneal cavity
Days 1-5 (Menstrual Phase): the ovarian hormones are at their lowest; the stratum functionalis detaches from uterine wall and sheds which is known as the menstrual flow of blood and tissue
Days 6-14 (Proliferative Phase): the rising estrogen levels induce a new stratum functionalis layer; the estrogen also increases the synthesis of progesterone receptors in endometrium; ovulation occurs at day 14!
Days 15-28 (Secretory Phase): most consistent phase; the endometrium is preparing for embryo implantation; if there is no fertilization then menstrual phase occurs again bc progesterone lvls drop which causes uterine wall to shed again
Surgical
Behavioral
Mechanical
Female sterilization: tubal ligation in female, cutting of the uterine tubes that prevents sperm to reach egg; effectiveness: 5/100; side effects: pain, bleeding, & risk of infection
Male sterilization: vasectomy=removal of small portion of vas deferens; efectiveness: 15/100; side effects: pain, bleeding, & risk of infection
Fertility awareness: monitor fertility signs and abstain; effectiveness: 24/100; no side effects
Withdrawl: pulling out penis out of vagina before ejaculation; effectiveness: 20/100; no side effects
Diaphragm: put inside the vagina with spermicide; effectiveness: 12/100; side effects: allergic reaction and irritation
Internal condom: put in vagina; effectiveness: 21/100; side effects: allergic reactions & irritation
External condom: put over penis; effectiveness: 21/100; side effects: allergic reaction & irritation
Chemical
Injectables: injection of progesterone derivative which prevents maturation & ovulation; effectiveness: 4/100; side effects: weight gain
IUD: objects implanted in the uterus are toxic which prevents implantation of embryo; effectiveness: 2/100; side effects: discomfort with placement
Pill: contains progesterone & estrogen to prevent pregnancy, disrupts normal hormonal patterns; effectiveness: 8/100; side effects: nausea & risk for blood clot
Spermicides: put in vagina; effectiveness: 26/100; side effects: allergic reaction & irritation
STIs
Syphilis: causes health problems by treponema panidum; transmitted by anal, oral & vaginal sex; treated with antibiotics; prevented by latex condoms
Genital Herpes: caused by herpes simplex viruses types 1 & 2; transmitted by oral, anal, & vaginal sex; treated by antiviral medications; prevented by latex condoms
Chlamydia: affects both men & women; caused by chlamydia trachomatis; transmitted by oral, anal, & vaginal sex; treated with antibiotics; prevented by using condom or not having sex
Gonorrhea: infects genital, rectum, & throat; caused by neisseria gonorrhoease; transmitted by anal, oral, & vaginal sex; treated by antibiotics; prevented by not having sex
Trichomoniasis: caused by infection with a prolozoanparasite; transmitted by oral, anal, & vaginal sex; treated with antibiotics; prevented with latex condoms
AIDS: weakens a person's immune system; transmitted by anal, oral, & vaginal sex; no cure; prevented by getting tested & not having sex
HPV: genital warts or cancers; caused by human papillomaviruses; transmitted by anal, oral, & vaginal sex; treated by antibiotics; prevented by using latex condoms
PID: infection of a woman' rep. organs; caused by chlamydia trachomatis & neisseria gonorrhoea; transmitted by anal, oral, & vaginal sex; treated by antibiotics; prevented by not having sex
Bacteria Vaginosis: too much bacteria in vagina; caused by gardnerella vaginalis; transmitted by vaginal, oral, & anal sex; treated by antibiotics; prevented by not having sex