Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
public health - Coggle Diagram
public health
Industrial Revolution Public Health
key features -
at first, public health grew much worse and by 1800 towns and cities were disgusting and overcrowded
factory waste polluted air and water
new disease like TB, cholera and diphtheria emerged as mass killers wiping out thousands of people at a time
standard of public health -
very poor - public health at its worst initially, improved throughout the time period
key events -
Chadwick's report on the working conditions of the working class 1832 ‘Government should provide good public health because if people were healthier they would need less support from government so it would save rich people money in the long run’
1st public health act (not compulsory) 1848 - clean water and sewage disposable, but only 141 towns did it (conditions improved in those towns)
Snow - cholera 1854 - proved cholera was soared by infected water (water pump)
Crimean War 1854 (Nightingale) – Soldiers dying because conditions = so dirty
Great Stink - Stink – 1858 – government couldn’t even stay in London as the smell was so bad Bazalgette built sewers to help solve problem
Cholera outbreaks, 1830s,40s,50s and 60s - frightened everyone, inc government
Pasteur - germ theory 1865 - proved importance of hygiene
2nd Public Health Act 1875 – made clean water, proper sewers and decent housing compulsory- ended laissez faire, but rich people still didn’t really want to pay for poor as because believed they were poor due to laziness
key factors -
government - ignored public health until germ theory, funded and organised public health - eventually took responsibility
individual brilliance (Chadwick, Octavia Hill -housing improvements and national trust, John Snow, Florence Nightingale, Joseph Bazelgette, Louis Pasteur)
government attitude -
laissez-faire - didn’t believe it should get involved until germ theory proved importance of good hygiene
1875 onwards after 2nd public health act took responsibility
Modern World Public Health
key features and events -
lots of poverty and malnutrition
Booth Report 1899 – 1903 – poor people were poor because
their living conditions were so bad that they were too ill to work
Rowntree 1902 – 1/3 people in Britain lived in poverty. 40% of recruits for Boer War = too ill to fight (malnutrition and rickets)
made the government more willing to act
Liberal Social Reforms introduced 1906 – 1911 - free school meals, pensions for orphans and widows, sick pay 26 weeks, unemployment pay – 15 weeks
labour exchange helped people find work
interwar years - improved housing
Beveridge report 1941 – people in Britain should be free from 5 problems - want, disease, ignorance, squalor and illness
WW2 - Emergency Medical Service and evacuation showed that poor people needed help and weren’t just lazy and that help could be organised
NHS Bevan – 1945 – free health care for all from cradle to grave
standard of public health -
excellent - very clean towns and streets - social reform - key part of modern public health (hospitals, health promotion etc)
key factors -
government - funded and organised public health
war - boar war - highlighted conditions of brave volunteers, shocking for government and embarrassing, WW2 - NHS to reward people of Britain for war effort- evacuation made rich see poor people in a different way, Emergency Medical service - pre NHS
key individuals -
Boothe, Rowntree, Lloyd George, Beveridge, Bevan
government attitudes -
took responsibility for public health and social reform, esp after WW2
Renaissance Public Health
key features -
much continuity from Middle Ages did not want to live in dirty conditions
see above
introduced the Plague orders to clean up downs after the Great Plague in 1665
standard of public health -
better than the middle ages but still awful
had stepping stones in the street in order to not step in excrement, animals free to roach everywhere
Plague orders quite successful - had rakers clean up dirt off the street, death carts to take dead bodies away, sick people locked up in their houses
key events -
Great Plague 1665- 1/3 of London dead
government introduced plague orders to clean up towns s terrified about the nature and gravity of the disease
government attitudes -
took some responsibility to fine those who broke laws introduced to keep streets and water supplies clean
Middle Ages Public Health
key features -
people didn’t want to live in dirty conditions, but without government involvement most people did
running water a privilege to the wealthy
lack of clean water intown
rubbish dumped on the streets, cesspits overflowing and often contaminated rivers and streets were choked with sewage
knew river water was not healthy, but did nothing about it.
laws were introduced but difficult to enforce
little was done unless serious outbreak of
disease, concern was sporadic and street cleaning was set up but never regular
monasteries had good public health - cleaning, running water to cook and wash with, toilets
hospital reasonably clean eg. St Bartholomew's
overall pretty poor standard of public health
key events -
Black Death (1348) - 1/3 of Europe dead causing panic
government introduced some laws to clean up towns (eg. no dumping waste in river, not putting sewage in the streets) but did not really enforce them- people got away with breaking them and weren't fined or punished
government attitudes -
not feel that they had a duty to provide good public health so didn’t really get involved, laws were introduced but people got away with ignoring them,