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Amy Arteaga P7- Reproductive System - Coggle Diagram
Amy Arteaga P7- Reproductive System
Major functions of the Reproductive system
FEMALE: provide and maintain an environment for developing fetus. Feed, deliver, and nurture offspring. produce sex cells of egg cells and oocytes.
MALE: delivers sperm to the female reproductive system. Develops and maintains organs for production of offspring.
Events of the female hormonal cycles
Ovulation
: secondary oocyte is released, propelled by uterine tube. Burst of LH from anterior pituitarry triggers ovulation. usually on day 14
follicular phase
: includes proliferative & menstrual acycle, occuring before ovulation.
menstrual phase
: when endometrium is shed
proliferative phase
: when endometrium is rebuilt (day 5-13)
Luteal phase
: higher progesterone. Corpus luteum thickens but then degenerates
secretory phase
: endometrium is prepared by nutrients to receive an embryo
Menopause
: end of menstrual cycle, completely stops
Hormones of the reproductive system
FEMALE
estrogen
: primary female sex hormone released by follicle; it thickens uterine wall + secondary sexual characteristics
progesterone
: triggers changes in uterus during menstrual cycle; produced by corpus luteum
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
: burst/spike will trigger ovulation
Folicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
: responsible for development/maturation of follicle in ovary
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
: hormone released from hypothalamus. * triggers anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH
MALE
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
: hormone released from hypothalamus, * triggers anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH.
Luteinizing hormone (LH):
promotes development of interstitial cells of the testes to produce male hormone
Folicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
: stimulates sertoli cells of seminiferous tubules to respond to testosterone
testosterone
: male sex hormone, w/ FSH stimulates spermatogenesis. *most important. stimulates development of male reproductive organs, voice, body hair, skin, muscular, skeletal growth, etc.
Inhinin
: secreted by sertoli cells, *prevent over secretion of FSH
Anatomy of male reproductive structures
Testes
: primary male sex organ; male
gonads
epididmymis
: site of sperm maturation and storage leading from the seminiferous tubules
scrotum
: outer sac, houses testes; help regulate temperature of testes
Ejaculatory duc
t: unites w/ ductus deferens, travels thru prostate gland
seminiferous tubules
: site of sperm production
seminal vescicles
: paired sac-like structures, secrete fluid that make up semen into vas deferens
ductus deferens
: carries sperm from epididymis to urethra
Prostate gland
: chestnut-shaped gland surrounding urethra; secrete fluid portion of semen, provide nutrient to sperm
Bulbourethral
: two glands below the prostate gland , secrete a sticky fluid, lubricates the tip of penis
Penis
: cylindrical organ, conveys urine/semen thru urethra to outside
Glans penis
: conical mass of erectile tissue, forms head of penis
prepuce
(foreskin): loose, covers glans penis; removed w/ circumcision
SPERM CELL
head
:
contains nucleus and acrosome
Acrosome
: contains digestive enzymes, facilitate penetration on wall w/ egg
midpiece
: contains mitochondria
flagellum/tail
: whip-like fiber, moves sperm through fluid
sperm
: male sex cells
gametes
: sex cells/hormones produced by sex organs(gonads)
Anatomy of female reproductive structures
fundus
: dome-shaped top portion of uterus
cervix
: lower one-third of uterus; between uterus & vagina; opening into the uterus, leads to vagina
infundibulum
: funnel-shaped opening into the fallopian tube
endometrium
: inner lining of uterus, shed during menstruation
fimbriae
: fingerlike, near uterine/fallopian tubes/oviducts, drape over the ovary
myometrium
: muscular middle wall of uterus
oocytes
: female egg cell
vestibule
: space enclosed by labia minora, where vagina & urethra open
labia majora
: enclose/protect external reproductive organs
labia minora:
flattened, longitudinal folds between labia majora
clitoris
:
small sensitive/erectile part of female genitals, anterior end of vulva
ovaries
: female gonads, produce sex cells/hormones
vagina
: muscular/elastic passageway, extends from uterus to the outside of the body; birth canal, receives penis during intercourse
uterus
: hollow organ houses the developing embryo and fetus until birth; site of implantation
perimetrium
: outer layer of uterus
vulva
: area surrounding opening of urethra & vagina
nipple
:
tip of breast, lactiferous ducts open
lactiferous ducts
: tubes, carry breast milk to nipple
mammary gland
:organs, produce milk after pregnancy
areaola
: dark-pigmented area, surrounds nipple
Disorders associated with the reproductive system
Sexually Transmitted Infection(STI)
: also sexually transmitted disease (STD)
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID):
inflammation/infection of organs in pelvic region; may lead to sterility/infertility in females
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS):
caused by HIV--> destroys body's immunes defenses; can cause death
Chlamydia
: causes painful urination, secretion of muscous. Cured by antibiotics
Genital herpes
: causes genital sores, fevers. Cured by antiviral drugs.
Genital warts
: causes warts on genitals and genital areas. Can be cured with surgery removal
Gonorrhea
: may show no symptoms, can cause paainful urination. Cured w/ antibiotics
Syohilis
: over time causes heart, liver, and nerve damages, as well as brain damages.
Hepatitis
: B&C can progress to chronic infection while A does not. Can be prevented w/ a vaccine.
Trichomoniasis
: caused by infection w/ protozoan parasite. Passed during sex. May cause no symptoms in men.
Bacterial Vaginosis
: Occurs when there is too much of one bacteria in the vagina. May cause thin/white/gray vaaginal discharge.
Methods and Classification of contraceptives
Injectable contraceptive
: progesterone derivative , prevent follicle maturation & ovulation for 3 months
Rhythm Method
: abstinence from sexual intercourse around ovulation time, difficult to determine ovulation time, not effective
sterilization
: birth control, permanently preventing pregnancy
vasectomy
: removal of a small portion of
the vas deferens, preventing sperm from entering semen
tubal ligation
: cutting of the uterine tubes, preventing
sperm from reaching egg
Mechanical barriers
: prevent sperm from entering vagina. i.e. condoms, diaphragm, cervical cap
Coitus Interruptus
: withdrawal of penis from vagina before ejaculation; some sperm may reach vagina; not effective
Chemical barriers
: contain spermicides (kill sperm) used w/ mechanical barriers (creams, foams, jellies)
combined hormone contraceptives
: containing estrogen & progesterone, prevent pregnancy by preventing follicle maturation and ovulation (patch, chemical ring, pill,)
Contraceptive implants
: implantation of rod containing progestin under skin, inside arm, prevent follicle maturation /ovulation for 3 years
Intrarteride devices(IUDs):
implantation of object in the uterus, either toxic to the sperm and egg cells/prevent implantation of embryo