Reproductive System - Richard Nguyen Period 6 Anatomy & Physiology
Major functions of the Reproductive system (male and female)
Male
Female
Anatomy of male reproductive structures
Anatomy of female reproductive structures
Hormones of the reproductive system (male and female)
Events of the female hormonal cycles
Disorders associated with the reproductive system
Methods and Classification of contraceptives
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Form specialized cells - sperms
Bring gametes from male and female tgt through sexual intercourse
Combine genetic information contained within gametes forming a zygote (matured cell)
Support development of fetus, gestation, and the birth of baby, parturition
Form specialized gametes - Ova (eggs)
Bring gametes from male and female tgt through sexual intercourse
Combine genetic information contained within gametes forming a zygote (matured cell)
Support development of fetus, gestation, and the birth of baby, parturition
Male and female reproductive structures are homologous structures
Male
Female
Estrogen
Progesterone
Testosterone
Both
Gonadotrophin-releasing (GnRH)
released from hypothalamus reaches anterior pituitary cells
Follicle-simulating (FSH)
gonadotrophins released from anterior pituitary
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
gonadotrophins released from anterior pituitary
exert negative feedback on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
act at target tissues in body
act at target issues in body
Testes
sperm-producing male gonads that lie within the scrotum
SYSTEM OF DUCTS
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epididymis
ductus deferens
ejaculatory duct
uretha
Accessory Glands
seminal glands
prostate
bulbo-urethral glands
Scrotum
sac of skin and superificial fascia
hangs outside abdominopelvic cavity at root of penis
affected by temp changes
Tunics
Tunica Vaginalis
outer layer
Tunica Albuginea
inner layer forms fibrous capsule
Testicular Cancer
rare but most common in men age 15-35
painless, solid mass in testis
90% cured by surgical removal of testis and often radiation or chemotherapy
highly coiled
passes through the inguinal canal to the pelvic cavity
conveys both urine and semen
Penis
male copulatory organ
Root and shaft that ends in glans penis
foreskin
Corpus spongiosum
surrounds urtethra and expands to form galnds and bulb of penis
Corpora cavernosa
paired dorsal erectile bodies
Erection
erectile tissue fills with blood, causing penis to enlarge and become rigid
contains smooth muscles that contracts during ejaculation
encircles urethra inferior to bladder
secrete milk slightly acid fluid
cowper gland
produce thick clear mucus during sexual arousal
Prostate Cancer
third most common cause of cancer death in males that affects 1 in 6 men in US
treated with surgery and sometimes radiation
Semen
milk white mixture of sperm and accessory galnd secretions
Ovaries
female gonads
Internal Genitalia
produce female gametes
secrete female sex hormones
located in pelvic cavity
contains ovaries and duct system
External genitalia
external sex organs
paired structures flank the uterus
ovarian follicleis
tiny saclike structures imbedded in cortex
HELD BY
ovarian Ligament
anchors ovary medially to uterus
suspensory Ligament
anchors ovary laterally to pelvic wall
FEMALE DUCT SYSTEM
uterine tubes
Uterus
Vagina
receive ovulated oocyte and are usual of fertilizatioin
hollow thick-walled muscular organ
REGIONS
Body
Fundus
rounded superior region
major portion
Isthmus
narrowed inferior region
Cervix
narrowneck
Cervical cancer
affects 450,000 women worldwide each year, killing half
uterine wall
Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium
mucousal lining
outermost layer
bullky middle layer consisting of interlacing layers of smooth muscle
Simple columnar epithelium on top of a thick lamina propria
thin walled 8-10cm
function as birth canal, passage way for menstrual flow
mons pubis
fatty area overlying public symphysis
labia majora
hair covered, fatty skin folds
vestibule
recess within labia minora
clitoris
anterior to vestibule
Mammary Glands
main function is milk prodcution in the breast to noursih newborn
Areola: pigmented skin surrounding nipple
breast size is due to amount of fat deposits
Breast Cancer
invasive breast cancer is most common malignancy and second most common cuase of cancer death in US women
factors
early onset of menstruation and late menopause
no or late first pregnancy
family history
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GnRH stimulates FSH and LH secretion
FSH and LH stimulate follicles to grow, mature, and secrete sex hormones
Negative feedback inhibits gonadotrophin release
Positive feedback stimulates gonadotropin release
LH surge triggers ovulation and formation of the corpus luetum
Negative feedback inhibits LH and FSH release
FSH stimulates cells to release estrogen, LH prods other cells to produce androgens, which is estrogens'
Triggers LH surge
estrogen levels continue to rise as a result of continued release by dominat follicle
estrogen lvls decline
lh transforms ruptured follicle into corpus luteum
Events of the Uterine Menstrual Cycle
Days 1-5 (menstrual phase)
Days 6-14 (proliferative (preovulatory) phase)
Days 15-28 (secretory (postovulatory) phase)
ovarian hormones are at lowest levels
gonadotrophion lvls start to rise
day 5, ovarian follicies start to produce more estrogen
rising estrogen levls prompt generation of new stratum functionalis layer
estrogen also increases snthesis of progesterone receptors in endometrium
ovulation occurs at end of proliferative pahse on day 14
phase that is most consistent in duration
endometrium prepares for embryo to implant
Female Sterilization
surgical procedure, remove portion of uterine tube
Male Sterilization
surgical procedure to remove portion of vas deferens
IUD
surigcally placed into the uterus
Injectables
chemically placed into the body
Pill
chemically taken to prevent pregancy
Diaphragm
placed in vagina and must used everytime during sex
Internal Condom
palced in vagina and used everytime there is sexual intercourse
External Condom
placed over the penis and collects the sperm
Fertility Awareness
monitor fertility signs
Withdrawal
pull out before ejaculation
Spermicides
chemically placed into the vagina to kill excess sperm