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Reproductive System - Richard Nguyen Period 6 Anatomy & Physiology -…
Reproductive System - Richard Nguyen Period 6 Anatomy & Physiology
Major functions of the Reproductive system (male and female)
Male
1
Form specialized cells - sperms
2
Bring gametes from male and female tgt through sexual intercourse
3
Combine genetic information contained within gametes forming a zygote (matured cell)
4
Support development of fetus, gestation, and the birth of baby, parturition
Female
1
Form specialized gametes - Ova (eggs)
2
Bring gametes from male and female tgt through sexual intercourse
3
Combine genetic information contained within gametes forming a zygote (matured cell)
4
Support development of fetus, gestation, and the birth of baby, parturition
Male and female reproductive structures are homologous structures
Anatomy of male reproductive structures
Testes
sperm-producing male gonads that lie within the scrotum
Tunics
Tunica Vaginalis
outer layer
Tunica Albuginea
inner layer forms fibrous capsule
highly coiled
SYSTEM OF DUCTS
1
epididymis
2
ductus deferens
passes through the inguinal canal to the pelvic cavity
3
ejaculatory duct
4
uretha
conveys both urine and semen
Accessory Glands
seminal glands
contains smooth muscles that contracts during ejaculation
prostate
encircles urethra inferior to bladder
secrete milk slightly acid fluid
bulbo-urethral glands
cowper gland
produce thick clear mucus during sexual arousal
Scrotum
sac of skin and superificial fascia
hangs outside abdominopelvic cavity at root of penis
affected by temp changes
Penis
male copulatory organ
Root and shaft that ends in glans penis
foreskin
Corpus spongiosum
surrounds urtethra and expands to form galnds and bulb of penis
Corpora cavernosa
paired dorsal erectile bodies
Erection
erectile tissue fills with blood, causing penis to enlarge and become rigid
Semen
milk white mixture of sperm and accessory galnd secretions
Anatomy of female reproductive structures
Ovaries
female gonads
produce female gametes
secrete female sex hormones
paired structures flank the uterus
ovarian follicleis
tiny saclike structures imbedded in cortex
HELD BY
ovarian Ligament
anchors ovary medially to uterus
suspensory Ligament
anchors ovary laterally to pelvic wall
Internal Genitalia
located in pelvic cavity
contains ovaries and duct system
External genitalia
external sex organs
mons pubis
fatty area overlying public symphysis
labia majora
hair covered, fatty skin folds
vestibule
recess within labia minora
clitoris
anterior to vestibule
FEMALE DUCT SYSTEM
uterine tubes
receive ovulated oocyte and are usual of fertilizatioin
Uterus
hollow thick-walled muscular organ
REGIONS
Body
major portion
Fundus
rounded superior region
Isthmus
narrowed inferior region
Cervix
narrowneck
uterine wall
Perimetrium
outermost layer
Myometrium
bullky middle layer consisting of interlacing layers of smooth muscle
Endometrium
mucousal lining
Simple columnar epithelium on top of a thick lamina propria
Vagina
thin walled 8-10cm
function as birth canal, passage way for menstrual flow
Mammary Glands
main function is milk prodcution in the breast to noursih newborn
Areola: pigmented skin surrounding nipple
breast size is due to amount of fat deposits
Hormones of the reproductive system (male and female)
Male
Testosterone
exert negative feedback on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
Female
Estrogen
act at target issues in body
Progesterone
act at target tissues in body
Both
Gonadotrophin-releasing (GnRH)
released from hypothalamus reaches anterior pituitary cells
Follicle-simulating (FSH)
gonadotrophins released from anterior pituitary
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
gonadotrophins released from anterior pituitary
Events of the female hormonal cycles
1
GnRH stimulates FSH and LH secretion
2
FSH and LH stimulate follicles to grow, mature, and secrete sex hormones
FSH stimulates cells to release estrogen, LH prods other cells to produce androgens, which is estrogens'
3
Negative feedback inhibits gonadotrophin release
4
Positive feedback stimulates gonadotropin release
Triggers LH surge
estrogen levels continue to rise as a result of continued release by dominat follicle
5
LH surge triggers ovulation and formation of the corpus luetum
estrogen lvls decline
lh transforms ruptured follicle into corpus luteum
6
Negative feedback inhibits LH and FSH release
Disorders associated with the reproductive system
Testicular Cancer
rare but most common in men age 15-35
painless, solid mass in testis
90% cured by surgical removal of testis and often radiation or chemotherapy
Prostate Cancer
third most common cause of cancer death in males that affects 1 in 6 men in US
treated with surgery and sometimes radiation
Cervical cancer
affects 450,000 women worldwide each year, killing half
Breast Cancer
invasive breast cancer is most common malignancy and second most common cuase of cancer death in US women
factors
early onset of menstruation and late menopause
no or late first pregnancy
family history
Methods and Classification of contraceptives
Female Sterilization
surgical procedure, remove portion of uterine tube
Male Sterilization
surgical procedure to remove portion of vas deferens
IUD
surigcally placed into the uterus
Injectables
chemically placed into the body
Pill
chemically taken to prevent pregancy
Diaphragm
placed in vagina and must used everytime during sex
Internal Condom
palced in vagina and used everytime there is sexual intercourse
External Condom
placed over the penis and collects the sperm
Fertility Awareness
monitor fertility signs
Withdrawal
pull out before ejaculation
Spermicides
chemically placed into the vagina to kill excess sperm
Events of the Uterine Menstrual Cycle
Days 1-5 (menstrual phase)
ovarian hormones are at lowest levels
gonadotrophion lvls start to rise
day 5, ovarian follicies start to produce more estrogen
Days 6-14 (proliferative (preovulatory) phase)
rising estrogen levls prompt generation of new stratum functionalis layer
estrogen also increases snthesis of progesterone receptors in endometrium
ovulation occurs at end of proliferative pahse on day 14
Days 15-28 (secretory (postovulatory) phase)
phase that is most consistent in duration
endometrium prepares for embryo to implant