Reproductive System - Richard Nguyen Period 6 Anatomy & Physiology

Major functions of the Reproductive system (male and female)

Male

Female

Anatomy of male reproductive structures

Anatomy of female reproductive structures

Hormones of the reproductive system (male and female)

Events of the female hormonal cycles

Disorders associated with the reproductive system

Methods and Classification of contraceptives

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Form specialized cells - sperms

Bring gametes from male and female tgt through sexual intercourse

Combine genetic information contained within gametes forming a zygote (matured cell)

Support development of fetus, gestation, and the birth of baby, parturition

Form specialized gametes - Ova (eggs)

Bring gametes from male and female tgt through sexual intercourse

Combine genetic information contained within gametes forming a zygote (matured cell)

Support development of fetus, gestation, and the birth of baby, parturition

Male and female reproductive structures are homologous structures

Male

Female

Estrogen

Progesterone

Testosterone

Both

Gonadotrophin-releasing (GnRH)

released from hypothalamus reaches anterior pituitary cells

Follicle-simulating (FSH)

gonadotrophins released from anterior pituitary

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

gonadotrophins released from anterior pituitary

exert negative feedback on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

act at target tissues in body

act at target issues in body

Testes

sperm-producing male gonads that lie within the scrotum

SYSTEM OF DUCTS

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epididymis

ductus deferens

ejaculatory duct

uretha

Accessory Glands

seminal glands

prostate

bulbo-urethral glands

Scrotum

sac of skin and superificial fascia

hangs outside abdominopelvic cavity at root of penis

affected by temp changes

Tunics

Tunica Vaginalis

outer layer

Tunica Albuginea

inner layer forms fibrous capsule

Testicular Cancer

rare but most common in men age 15-35

painless, solid mass in testis

90% cured by surgical removal of testis and often radiation or chemotherapy

highly coiled

passes through the inguinal canal to the pelvic cavity

conveys both urine and semen

Penis

male copulatory organ

Root and shaft that ends in glans penis

foreskin

Corpus spongiosum

surrounds urtethra and expands to form galnds and bulb of penis

Corpora cavernosa

paired dorsal erectile bodies

Erection

erectile tissue fills with blood, causing penis to enlarge and become rigid

contains smooth muscles that contracts during ejaculation

encircles urethra inferior to bladder

secrete milk slightly acid fluid

cowper gland

produce thick clear mucus during sexual arousal

Prostate Cancer

third most common cause of cancer death in males that affects 1 in 6 men in US

treated with surgery and sometimes radiation

Semen

milk white mixture of sperm and accessory galnd secretions

Ovaries

female gonads

Internal Genitalia

produce female gametes

secrete female sex hormones

located in pelvic cavity

contains ovaries and duct system

External genitalia

external sex organs

paired structures flank the uterus

ovarian follicleis

tiny saclike structures imbedded in cortex

HELD BY

ovarian Ligament

anchors ovary medially to uterus

suspensory Ligament

anchors ovary laterally to pelvic wall

FEMALE DUCT SYSTEM

uterine tubes

Uterus

Vagina

receive ovulated oocyte and are usual of fertilizatioin

hollow thick-walled muscular organ

REGIONS

Body

Fundus

rounded superior region

major portion

Isthmus

narrowed inferior region

Cervix

narrowneck

Cervical cancer

affects 450,000 women worldwide each year, killing half

uterine wall

Perimetrium

Myometrium

Endometrium

mucousal lining

outermost layer

bullky middle layer consisting of interlacing layers of smooth muscle

Simple columnar epithelium on top of a thick lamina propria

thin walled 8-10cm

function as birth canal, passage way for menstrual flow

mons pubis

fatty area overlying public symphysis

labia majora

hair covered, fatty skin folds

vestibule

recess within labia minora

clitoris

anterior to vestibule

Mammary Glands

main function is milk prodcution in the breast to noursih newborn

Areola: pigmented skin surrounding nipple

breast size is due to amount of fat deposits

Breast Cancer

invasive breast cancer is most common malignancy and second most common cuase of cancer death in US women

factors

early onset of menstruation and late menopause

no or late first pregnancy

family history

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GnRH stimulates FSH and LH secretion

FSH and LH stimulate follicles to grow, mature, and secrete sex hormones

Negative feedback inhibits gonadotrophin release

Positive feedback stimulates gonadotropin release

LH surge triggers ovulation and formation of the corpus luetum

Negative feedback inhibits LH and FSH release

FSH stimulates cells to release estrogen, LH prods other cells to produce androgens, which is estrogens'

Triggers LH surge

estrogen levels continue to rise as a result of continued release by dominat follicle

estrogen lvls decline

lh transforms ruptured follicle into corpus luteum

Events of the Uterine Menstrual Cycle

Days 1-5 (menstrual phase)

Days 6-14 (proliferative (preovulatory) phase)

Days 15-28 (secretory (postovulatory) phase)

ovarian hormones are at lowest levels

gonadotrophion lvls start to rise

day 5, ovarian follicies start to produce more estrogen

rising estrogen levls prompt generation of new stratum functionalis layer

estrogen also increases snthesis of progesterone receptors in endometrium

ovulation occurs at end of proliferative pahse on day 14

phase that is most consistent in duration

endometrium prepares for embryo to implant

Female Sterilization

surgical procedure, remove portion of uterine tube

Male Sterilization

surgical procedure to remove portion of vas deferens

IUD

surigcally placed into the uterus

Injectables

chemically placed into the body

Pill

chemically taken to prevent pregancy

Diaphragm

placed in vagina and must used everytime during sex

Internal Condom

palced in vagina and used everytime there is sexual intercourse

External Condom

placed over the penis and collects the sperm

Fertility Awareness

monitor fertility signs

Withdrawal

pull out before ejaculation

Spermicides

chemically placed into the vagina to kill excess sperm