key people -
John Hunter - helped understanding of teeth ('The Natural History of Teeth'), bones and gunshot wounds ('Blood Inflammation and Gunshot Wounds'), admitted to the Company of Surgeons, learned about dissections of the knee and aneurysms encouraged new blood vessels to develop by restricting the existing ones he would not need to amputate the leg)
Simpson - anaesthetics - chloroform (1847) - stopped pain but resisted by the army, as pain was manly, the church, as pain was a punishment for sin and people did not trust surgeons, was made popular by Queen Victoria using it while having her children
Lister - antiseptic carbolic acid (hats, gloves, mask, protective clothing) (1889) was opposed by Bastian who believed in spontaneous generation (Pasteur - germ theory)