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anatomy - Coggle Diagram
anatomy
Roman Anatomy
level of knowledge -
good knowledge of where the organs were in the body, limited understanding of how they worked, better understanding than Greeks due to the work of Galen who proved that they brain controlled the body
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key people -
Galen -
- declared himself the greatest anatomist of all time, learned a lot about human anatomy due to his work as a Gladiator doctor
- was not allowed to dissect humans so based many of his books on animal dissection
- wrote detailed books on anatomy, books based on frogs, dogs and barbary apes so was incorrect eg. diagram of the womb was based on a dog's womb
- diagram of kidney and liver based on monkeys g. lobes of the liver and number of jaw bones
- said left kidney is higher than the right (in animals it is true but not humans)
- said blood is made in the stomach and lasts one day, said blood went through one part of the heart into another due to tiny invisible holes
- ideas believed until the renaissance due to the church
key factors -
- communication - books of Galen
- individual brilliance - Galen
overall- some progress about the brain controlling the body
lots of continuity as Roman empire conquered the Greeks
Islamic World Anatomy
level of knowledge -
good knowledge of where organs were in the body, limited understanding of how they worked, but better followed work of Galen and had better understanding of how the heart worked
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key people -
Ibn Nafis - detailed diagram and drawings of how human heart worked – better than Galen’s
key factors -
- communication - books of Galen still used
- individual brilliance - Ibn Nafis
overall some progress, better understanding of the heart, of continuity as followed and developed Galen’s work
Renaissance Anatomy
level of knowledge -
based on the books of Galen originally but developed throughout the renaissance, renaissance was a time of new ideas and wanting new answers about the world – a time of challenging old theories and looking for better explanations of the world
dissection -
- human dissection still forbidden (except in some Universities given special permission to dissect one body per year eg. Padua and Salerno)
- dissection without permission still punishable by death
- church felt that Galen’s ideas fitted with the bible so said there was no need to do dissection, but Reformation meant power of Church was declining so people were less afraid of challenging them
- specialist anatomists
key people -
Vesalius -
- stole bodies of criminals from the gallows and got skilled artists to draw them
- made first ever pop-up book of human anatomy
- published 'Tabulae Sex' (1538) and 'Fabric of the Human Body' (1543)
- corrected ideas of Galen - liver, jaw and kidney
- Geminus developed his ideas
Harvey -
- 1616, proved heart was a pump and that blood circulated around the body
- proved that blood was not made in the liver and calculated how much blood was in the body and worked out that it was not used up every day
key factors -
- communication - books of Vesalius and Harvey
- religion - power of Church declined after Reformation so people less afraid of challenging their rules
- science and tech - printing press in 1485 meant books could be published in more detail
overall progress in knowledge about anatomy was excellent but understanding of how organs worked was limited
Middle Ages Anatomy
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dissection -
- human dissection banned by the pope in 1306
- some universities given special permission to dissect one body per year after 1400 but dissection without permission was punishable by death
- church felt as though Galen's ideas fitted with the bible so said there was no need for dissection
key factors -
- communication - books of Galen still used
- religion - church was extremely powerful and most people were religious so afraid to challenge what they said
overall progress for the dark ages but mainly similar to roman understanding
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Modern World Anatomy
levels of knowledge -
knowledge and understanding of anatomy = excellent, DNA, cell structure etc
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key factors -
- science and tech - x-rays developed in WW1, ultrasound, fibre optic technology
- communication - ideas spread virtually instantly
overall huge progress in understanding