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birds - Coggle Diagram
birds
common characteristics :
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most divers of all land vertebrates, range in size
found in deserts, forests, mountains, praises , on seas
have common ancestor with reptiles, have many reptile like features like amniotic eggs and scales covering their legs
endotherms
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high body temperatures enables cells in flight muscles to use energy for quick muscle contractions during flight
bird adaptations
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optic lobes for visual input , the core of the large cerebrum controls most behaviours. the medulla oblongata controls automatic functions such as respiration
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internal fertilization , the eggs are released through the cloaca or both parents sit on eggs to incubate them
systems
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circulatory
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blood then returns from the body to the right atrium and then to the right ventricle and to the lungs to pick up more oxygen
4 chambered hearts , two ventricles separate oxygen rich from oxygen poor blood
digestive
food travels through the esophagus to a storage chamber called the crop, then to the stomach
at the base of the stomach there's the gizzard, a thick muscular sac which has small stones in it and crushes the food along with the gizzards muscular action
digestion and absorption of nutrients occur mostly in the small intestine with help of digestive juices from the pancreas and liver
excretory
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kidneys filter wastes from the blood and convert it to uric acid , water from uric acid is reabsorbed in the cloaca
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bones
large breast muscles provide flight power. the muscles connect the wing to the keel of sternum or breastbone
birds bones contain cavities of air, making skeletons lightweight
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ecology and evolution
evolution :
fossils show that birds , crocodiles , and dinosaurs descended from archosaurs
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ecology
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bird habitats are disappearing as wetlands are drained for development , as well as pesticides and chemical pollutants destroying habitats , illegal capture also leads to disappearance of many rare birds