Reproductive System~Jocelyn Gracia
Major functions of reproductive system
Anatomy of male reproductive structures
Anatomy of female reproductive structures
hormones of the reproductive system
Events of the female hormonal cycles
Disorders associated with the reproductive system (including STI's)
Methods and Classification of contraceptives
AIDS:Cause; human immunodeficiency virus(HIV); Symptoms; fever, weakness, infections, cancer Treatment; drugs to treat or delay symptoms
Chlamydia infection; Cause chlamydia trachomatis bacteria; Symptoms; painful urination & intercourse, mucous discharge from penis or vagina Treatment Antibiotics
Genital Herpes:Cause; Herpes simplex 2 virus; Symptoms; genital sores, fever; Treatment; antiviral drug
Genital warts: Cause; Human papilloma virus; Symptoms; Warts on genitals; Treatment; chemical or surgical removal
Gonorrhea: Cause; Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacteria Symptoms; In women, usually none;in men, painful urination; Treatment; Antibiotics
Coitus Interrupts: withdrawal of penis from vagina
Injectable Contraception:injection of a progesterone derivate prevents follicle maturation and ovulation; 3 months
Rhyth Method: not having sex on time of ovulation
Mechanical barriers: any chemical used to kill the sperm
Chemical barriers: contain spermicides; cream, foams, jellies
Combines Hormone Contraceptives: contain estrogen and progestins to prevent pregnancy
Contraceptive Implants: implantation of a rod containing progestin under the skin in the arm
Intrauterine Disease:objects implanted in uterus are toxic to sperm and egg cells or prevent implantation of embryo by inhibiting growth of endometrium, thicken cervical mucus
Sterilization: surgical method permanently; vasectomy in male; tubal ligation in female
Internal
External:
Internal:
External:
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone: secreted by hypothalamus; triggers the gonadotropins from anterior pituitary gland
Estrogen: responsible for secondary sexual characteristics; breast development; sex organ enlargement; increased adipose tissue desposition, and increased vascularization of the skin
Progesterone(nonpregnant female): main source is ovaries; triggers uterine changes during the menstrual cycle
Androgens: produce changes in puberty; growth of pubic and axillary hair; low androgen concentration allows the broadening of the hips
Menstrual Cycle:
Menarche: first female reproductive cycle; occurs when reproductive organs have matured and begin responding to female hormones
GnRH: secretion from the hypothalamus causes secretion of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary
FSH: stimulates the maturation of a follicle in ovary
LH: stimulates cells to produce testosterone precursors, which can be converted into estrogens in the ovary
Vagina:Conveys uterine secretions, receives penis during sexual intercourse and serves as a birthing canal
Uterus tubes: expand to form an infundibulum with fingerlike fimbriae on its margin; normal site of fertilization
Uterus:receives embryo from uterine tube, and maintains development of the embryo & then fetus
Labia Majora: enclose and protect other external reproductive organs
Labia Minora: form a hood around the clitoris
Clitoris: corresponds to the penis and has a similar structure
Vestibule: corresponds to bulborethral glands and provide lubrication
Epididymis: sperm become motile an develop the ability to fertilize an egg
Ductus deferens: Ejaculatory duct travels through prostate gland, and empties its contents into the urethra
Seminal vesicle: During emission, seminal vesicles secrete a fluid that makes up a large portion of semen: contains fructose to nourish sperm; has an alkaline pH to help regulate pH in vagina
Prostate Gland: secretes a thin, milky fluid that contains citrate, a nutrient for sperm, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and enzyme which helps to liquefy semen
Bulbourethral glands: secrete mucus into the urethra, to lubricate the tip of the penis in response to sexual stimulation
Scrotum: protects and helps regulate the temperature of the testes
Penis: cylindrical organ that conveys both urine and semen to the outside
Gonads (testes and ovaries): produce gametes (sex cells and hormones) Male: sperm Female: oocytes
Male system delivers sperm to female Testes:produce sperm and hormones
Female system houses and nourishes developing embryo and fetus
Androgens: male sex hormones; testosterone; stimulates development of male reproductive organs; response for male secondary characteristics
Luteinizing hormone: promotes development of interstital cells of the testes which then secrete male hormones (testosterone)
Follicle-stimulating hormone: stimulates sertoli cells of seminiferous tubules to respond to testosterone
Medulla: is made up of connective tissue, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves
The ovaries are subdivided into an inner medulla and outer cortex
Cortex contains ovarian follicles and is covered by cuboidal epithelium
At puberty, FSH secretion from anterior pituitary increases and causes ovaries to enlarge; during reproductive years, primordial follicles develop into primary follicles
A burst of LH from the anterior pituitary triggers ovulation