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Reproductive System Tania Torres-Gomez P.1 - Coggle Diagram
Reproductive System Tania Torres-Gomez P.1
major functions
male
does not function continously
not active until puberty
form specialized cells sexual reproduction gametes
sperm
bring gametes male and female together sexual intercourse (copulation)
genetic info. contained gametes through fertilization
support development of fetus
female
ovaries
produce female gametes ova
secrete female sex hormones estrogen (estradiol, estrone. estriol) and progesterone
ovarian follicles
tiny saclike structures embedded cortex
contain immature egg (oocyte) encases/ 1 or more layers different cells
each month ripened follicles ejects oocyte event of ovulation
duct system
uterine tube system does not have contact with ovaries
ovulated oocyte released- peritoneal cavity., some ooocytes never make- tube system
Uterine Tubes
also fallopian tubes/ oviducts receive ovulated oocyte and are usual site of fertilization
during ovulation, uterine tube captures oocyte
oocyte carried- uterus smooth muscle peristalsis and ciliary action
uterus
receive, retain, and nourish fertilized ovum
vagina
passageway for menstrual flow, organ copulation, baby born
vaginal secretions acidic adult females
mucosa near vaginal orfice forms incomplete partition hymen ruptures with intercourse
mammary glands
milk production- nourish newborn
oogenisis
egg different stages production female gamete
Begins fetal period
oogonia (diploid stem cells) divide mitosis- produce:
primary oocytes undergo meiosis I- produce:
secondary oocytes undergo meisis II- produce:
ova
ovarian follicle
functional unit ovary encloses single oocyte surrounded
Primordial follicle
single layer squamos pre-granulosa cells surrounding primary oocyte
Secondary follicles
multiple layers granulosa cells surrounding primary oocyte
vesicular (antral) follicles- (tertiary follicle)
fluid- filled cavity called antrum
before ovulation primary oocyte inside vesicular follicle resumes meiosis and becomes secondary oocyte
Primordial follicles 1st develop in fetus
Primary ooctytes
arrested prophase I
small friction
recruited-pool
Ovulation
each month after puberty, select few primary oocytes activatied (release of egg)
cause high hormonal levels, especially FSH
one from group "selected" each month- become dominant follicle
Anatomy of male reproductive structures
Primary Sex Organs (gonads)
testes
Gametes
sperm (male) formed cell divide
Sex hormones
(steroid hormones)
testosterone (males)
vital development and function reproductive organs and their/ other organs/ tissues sexual behavior, sexual drives
accessory reproductive
ducts, glands, and external genitalia
scrotum
sac of skin and superficial fascia
hangs outside abdominopelvic cavity at root of penis
contains paired testes
temp necessary for sperm production
3 degrees C- than core body temp.
midline septum divides scrotum 2 compartment, 1 each testis
scrotum affected temp.
Testis
each surround two tunics
tunica vaginalis
outer layer derived peritoneum
tunica albugnea
inner layer form fibrous capsule
septa divides 250 lobules, each 1-4 seminiterous tubules
site sperm production
sperm conveyed seminiferous tubules straight tubule-> rete testis -> efferent ductules-> epididymis
epdidymis
made up head, body, and tail
sperm
stored tail until ejaculation
spermatic cord
encloses nerve fibers, blood vessels, and lymphatics supply testis
sperm mature in epididymis
highly coiled
pass slowly rate- 20 days, when able- swim
stored several months
Male Duct System
Epididymis
ductus defernens
45 cm long
passes inguinal canal- pelvic cavity
smooth muscle in walls propels sperm from epididymis- urethra
vasectomy
cutting and ligating ductus deferns
100% effective form
ejaculatory duct
urethra
Prostate
encircles urethra
inferior- bladder
smooth muscle contracts- ejactulation
secretes milky, acid fluid
citrate, enzymes, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
role sperm activation
enters prostatic urethra ejaculation
1/3 semen volume
Seminal glands (seminal vesicles)
smooth muscle contracts ejaculation
duct seminal gland joins ductus deferns- form ejaculatory duct
produces viscous alkaline seminal fluid
fructose, citric acid, coagulating enzyme (vesiculase), and prosta glandis
70 % volume semen
duct seminal gland joins ductus deferens- form ejaculatory duct
Penis
male copulatory organ
external genitalia:
scrotum and penis
root and shaft ends glans penis
prepuce/ foreskin:
cuff loose skin covering glans
circmcision
surgical removal foreskin
60% males U.S. circumcised, only 15% other parts of the world
internally penis made spongy urethra and 3 cylindrical bodies erectile tissue, spongy network CT and smooth muscle vascular spaces
corpus spongiosum:
surround urethra and expands-form glans and bulb of penis
corpor a cavernosa
paired dorsal erectile bodies
erection
erectile tissue fills with blood, causing penis- enlarge and become rigid
Bulbo-urethral glands (cowper's gland)
produce thick, clear mucus during sexual arousal
lubricate glans penis
neutralize traces acidic urine- urethra
Anatomy of female reproductive structures
Ovaries
female gonads
produce female gametes (ova)
secrete female sex hormones, estrogen (estradiol, estrone, estriol) and progesterone
paired structures flank uterus, almost shaped and about twice as large
each ovary held in place with ligaments
Ovarian ligament:
anchors ovary medially-uterus suspensory ligament: anchors over laterally-pelvic wall
Suspensory ligament
anchors over laterally- pelvic wall
ovarian follicles
tiny saclike structures embedded cortex
contain immature egg (oocyte) encases 1/ or more layers of different cells
each month ripened follicle ejects oocyte event ovulation
Internal genitalia
external sex organs
Female Duct System
uterine tube system does not direct contract with ovaries
ovulated oocyte released- peritoneal cavity, some oocytes never make- tube system
Tube system
uterine tubes
fallopian tubes/ oviducts receive ovulated oocyte and are usual site of fertilization
each tube -10 cm (4 in) long
regions uterine tube
ifunndibulum
funnel-shaped opening- peritoneal cavity
margin contains ciliated projections fimbria drape over ovary
during ovulation, uterine tube captures oocyte
oocyte carried- uterus smooth muscle peristalsis and ciliary action
uterus
hollow, thick- walled, muscular organ
function:
receive, retrain, and nourish fertilizied ovum
regions:
Body:
major portion
Fundus:
rounded superior region
Isthmus:
narrowed inferior region
Cervix
narrow neck/ outlet projects-vagina
cervical canal communicated with:
vagina-external os
uterine body- internal os
Uterine wall
3 layers
Perimetrium:
outermost serous layer (visceral peritoneum)
Myometrium:
bulky middle layer consisting interlacing layers smooth muscle
contracts rythmically
Endometrium:
mucosal lining
simple columnar epithelium on top of thick laminapropia
fertilized egg burrows- endometrium and vesicles during development
Vagina
thin-walled tube 8-10 cm (3-4 in) length
canal baby born, passageway menstrual flow and organ copulation
vaginal secretions acidic adult females
mucosa near vaginal orifice forms incomplete partition hymen ruptures with inercourse
Mammary Glands
present both male and female normally function only female
function:
milk production- noursih newborn
modified sweat glands 15-25 lobes
areola
pigmented skin surrounding nipple
lobules
within lobes contain gland glandular alveoli produce milk
breast size due amount fat deposits
Events of the female hormonal cycles
Days 1-5
menstrual cycle
ovarian hormone lowest levels
gonadotropin levels
stratum functionalis detaches unterine wall is shed
menstrual flow blood and issue lasts 3-5 days
day 5
growing ovarian follicles start- produce more estrogen
Days 6-14
proliferative (prevulatory phase)
rising estrogen levels prompt generation new stratum functionalis layer
layer thickens, glands enlarge, and spiral arteries rise in number
estrogen increases synthesis progesterone receptors endometrium
thins out normally thick, sticky cervical mucus- facilitate sperm passage
ovulation occurs end proliferative phase day 14
Days 15-28
Secretory (postovulatory) phase
phase most consistent duraton
endometrium prepares embryo- implant
fertilization do not occur
corpus luteum degenerated- end secretory phase progesterone levels
endometrial, glands regress
blood vessels fragment and functional layer sloughs off and uterine cycle starts over first day menstruation
ovalution
each month after puberty, select few primary oocytes activated (release of egg)
caused high hormonal levels, especially FSH
one from group "selected
between follicular and luteal phase
The ovarian cycle
Ovarian cycle
monthly 28 days series events associated maturation of egg
2 consecutive phases
ovulation occurring midcycle between phases
follicular phase
period vesicular follicle growth (days 1-14)
Follicular phase
period vesicular follicle growth (days 14-28)
only 10%- 15% women 28 day cycle
follicular phase varies, luteal phase always 14 days ovulation- end of cycle
Luteal Phase
after ovulation, ruptured follicle collapses and antrum fills clotted blood
remaining cells form corpus luteum
corpus luteum secretes progesterone and some estrogen
no pregnancy occurs luteum degenerates corpus (scar) in 10 days
lasts 2-3 days luteal phase, endometrium begins to erode
Disorders associated with reproductive system and STIs
Chlamydia
most common bacterial STI United States
caused
chlamydia trachomatis
contracted in newborns through canal
responsible 25-50% all diagnosed cases pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
Symptoms
urethritis, penile, and vaginal discharges, abdominal
if untreated lead to sterility
Newborns picking bacteria- canal can develop
conjunctivitis, painful eye infection lead-corneal scarring if untreated
Trichomoniasis
infection (more common women)
easily and inexpensively treated
Symptoms
70% women do not have symptoms
30% yellow-green vaginal discharge strong odor
Gonorrhea
bacterial infection mucosae reproductive and urinary tracts
caused
neisseria gonorrhoeae
most infections asymptomatic
males symptoms
urethritis, painful urination, discharge pus from penis (penile "drip")
untreated can cause constriction and inflammation duct system
female symptom
abdominal discomfort, vaginal discharge/ abnormal uterine bleeding and possible urethral symptoms
treatment
even treatment, resistant strains prevalent
Syphilis
bacterial infection sexually/ congenitally
caused treponema
infected fetuses still born/ die shortly
bacteria- mucosae/ broken skin
infection asymptomatic 2-3 weeks painless chancre at site of infection
pink skin rash, fever, and joint pain develop
appear 3-12 weeks, disappear
disease enter latent period many/ may not progress- tertiary syphilis
treatment:
pencillin
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
group 40/ more viruses most common common STI United States
50 % adults infected during lifetime
cause genital warts
80% cases cancer cervical linked- strains HPV
Vaccination guard against common cancer strains
recommended boys and girls before sexually active
Genital Herpes
caused herpes simplex virus
one most difficult human pathogens- control because most do not know are infected
15 % display signs of infecion
characterized latent periods and flare-ups vesicle formation
Testicular cancer
rare (most common cancer in men)
mumps leads (inflammation of testis) risk factor
cryptochidism most common risk factotr
sign:
painless, solid mass in testis
90% cured surgical removal testis and often radiation or chemotherapy
Prostate cancer
3rd most common cancer death in males affects 1 in 6 men in the United States
digital exam screeing, PSA levels checked have high rate false positives
treated
surgery and sometimes radiation
metastic prostate cancer treated with drugs block testosterone synthesis/ action
Cervical cancer
affects 450,000 women worldwide each yr.
common ages 30 & 50
risks
frequent cervical inflammation, STIS, HPV
multiple pregnancies
Gardasil
3 dose vaccine protect against HPV
recommended 11 and 12 yr. old girls
Papinicolaou (Pap) smear detection
recommended every 3 yrs. ages 21-30
every 5 yrs. ages 30-65 include HPV testing
discontinue at 65 after hysterectomy/sexual inactivity
Breast Cancer
invasive breast cancer most common malignancy and 2nd most common case cancer death U,S. women
13% women develop conditon
arises epithelial cells smallest ducts eventually metastasize
Risk factors
early onset menstruation and late menopause
no pregnancies/ 1st pregnancy late in life
no short periods breast feeding
family history/ breast cancer
70% women breast cancer not known risk factors
10% due hereditary defects mutations genes BRCA1 and BRCA2
50%- 80%
greater risk ovarian cancer
Diagnosis
early detection self-examination and mammography type x-ray
American Cancer Society screening every yr women age 40 and over
Treatment
depends characteristics lesion
radiation, chemotherapy/ surgery followed radiation/ chemotherapy - destroy stray cells
until 70's treatment radical mastectomy removes breast, all underlying muscles, fascia, and associated lymph nodes
Lumpectomy
invasive and excises only cancerous lump
women opt for breast reconstruction
Hormones of the reproductive system
male
hypothalamic- pituatary- gonadal (HPG) Axis
Gonadotropin- releasing hormone (GNRH)
released hypothalamus reaches anterior pituitary cells via hypophyseal portal system
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
gonadotropins released anterior pituitary
sex hormones
testosterone
female
estrogens
promote oogenesis and follicle growth in ovary
exert anabolic effect female reproductive tract
support rapid short lived growth spurts and puberty
include secondary sex characteristics
growth breasts
increase deposit subcutaneous fat (hips and breast)
widening and lightening pelvis
metabolic efffects
lower total blood cholesterol and high HDL levels
facilitates calcium uptake
Progesterone
works with estrogen- establish and regulate uterine cycle
promotes changes cervical mucus
effects placenta progesterone during pregnancy
uterine motility
prepare breasts lactation
FSH
high hormonal rates during ovulation
Hormonal interaction during ovarian cycle
GNRH stimulates FSH and LH secretion
FSH and LH stimulate follicles- grow, mature, and secrete sex hormones
Negative feedback gonadotropin release
Positive feedback stimulates gonadotropin release
estrogen levels continue- rise as result continued release dominant follicle
triggers LH surge
LH surges triggers ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum
shortly after ovulation
estrogen levels decline
LH transforms ruptured follicle- corpus luteum
LH stimulates corpus luteum- secrete progesterone and some estrogen almost immediately
Progesterone helps maintain stratum functionalis
maintains pregnancy, if occurs
6.Negative feedback LH and FSH release
no fertilization occurs
corpus luteum degenerates LH levels start- fall
causes sharp- estrogen and progesterone which turn ends blockage FSH and LH secretion cycle- start over again
Methods and Classification of contraceptives
diaphragm
must use every time you have sex
put in vagina with spermicide
mechanical
88% effective
side effects
allergic reaction, irritation
Internal Condom
must use every time you have sex
provides protection against some STDS
mehcanical
79% effective
side effects
allergic reaction, irritation
External condom
must use every time you have sex
provides protection against STDS
mechanical
87% effective
side effects
allergic reaction, irritation
fertility awareness
monitor fertility signs and abstain/ use condoms on fertile days
behavioral
76% effective
side effects
no side effects
withdrawal
use every time you have sex
pull penis out of vagina before ejaculation
behavioral
76% effective
side effects
no side efffects
Injectables
need a shot every 3 months
chemical
96% effective
cause weight gain
spermicides
must use every time you have sex
put in vagina
chemical
72% effective
side effects
allergic reaction, irritation
female sterilization
surgery onetime procedure permament
implant one time procedure permanent FDA- recommended alternative is tubal ligation/ LARC
99.5 % effective
side effects
pain, bleeding, risk of infection
surgical
IUD
copper (LACR)- emergency contraception if placed within 5 days unprotected intercourse inserted healthcare provider lasts 10 years
side effects
cramps heavier and longer periods
progesterin (LARC) inserted healthcare provider- lasts up to 3-5 years depending on type
side effects
irregular bleeding, no periods, abdominal/ pelvic pain
chemical
99.8 % effective
Pill
swallow pill everyday
chemical
92% effective
side effects
nausea, breast tenderness, risk for blood clots
Male Sterilization
onetime procedure permanent
surgical
99.85% efffective
side effects
pain, bleeding, risk of infection