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Reproductive System: Gabriela Orellana P.5 - Coggle Diagram
Reproductive System:
Gabriela Orellana
P.5
Major functions of the Reproductive system:
Male:
-Designed for the production & delivery of sperms into the female reproductive
Female:
-Designed for nurturing a fetus
-Produce & maintain sex cells (eggs cells, oocytes)
-Transports sex cells to site of fertilization
-Provide environment for a developing fetus
-Deliver, feed & nurture offspring
-Produce sex hormones
Anatomy of Male reproductive structures:
Internal organs:
Epididymis:
Tightly coiled tube connected to the testis, leading from testis to the ductus (vas) deferens. Site of sperm maturation.
Ductus Deferens:
Muscular tube, leading from epididymis into body cavity
Seminal Vesicles:
Saclike structure attached to the vas deferens. Contains fructose to nourish sperm and has alkaline pH to help regulate pH in vagina
Prostate gland:
Chestnut-shaped structure surrounding the urethra at the base of the urinary bladder. Secretes a thin, milky fluid that contains citrate, a nutrient for sperm, and a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) which helps to liquefy semen.
Bulbourethral (Cowper´s) Glands:
Small gland located inferior to prostate gland. Secretes mucus into the urethra, to lubricate the tip of the penis.
External organs:
Penis:
Cylindrical organ that conveys both urine and semen to the outside
Scrotum:
A pouch of skin and subcutaneous tissue that houses the testes. Protects and helps regulate the temperature of the testes.
Anatomy of female reproductive structures:
Internal organs:
Vagina:
Passageway between the outside of the body and the uterus.
Cervix:
At the top of the vagina, lower most part of the uterus
Uterus:
Pear-shaped organ, made out of muscle that stretches and grows when a woman becomes pregnant.
Fallopian Tubes:
The passageway that goes from the uterus to very close to each ovary. There is a tube from each ovary to the uterus.
Ovaries:
The organs that make and hold the female cells necessary for human reproduction. These lie on either side of the uterus. They produce the hormones (estrogen and progesterone).
Bladder:
Part of the urinary system that hold urine. Located in the front of the uterus.
Rectum:
Part of the gastrointestinal system that holds feces. It is located behind the uterus and vagina
External organs:
Vulva:
Entire area of the soft skin in the female's private area. The vulva includes the labia, the vaginal opening, the clitoris, etc.
Labia:
Soft folds of skin on the vulva. The labia majora are the thicker, outer folds. The labia minora are thinner, inner folds and surround the urethra and the vaginal opening.
Clitoris:
Small, sensitive area of skin on the vulva
Urethra:
The small opening where urine leaves the body.
Vaginal opening:
The lower opening of the vagina (the passageway to the uterus)
Anus:
The lower opening of the gastrointestinal system; not part of the genitals, this is connected to the rectum.
Hormones of the reproductive system:
Male:
Testosterone:
Source:
Interstitial Cells
Functions:
-Male sex hormone
-Stimulates the synthesis of sperm
-Regulate functions of male sex hormones
-Helps in the metabolism (proteins and carbohydrates)
GnRH:
Source:
Hypothalamus
Functions:
-Causes the pituitary gland to make and secrete the hormones LH and FSH
-Males causes testicles to make testosterone
Female:
Progesterone:
Source:
Corpus Leuteum
Functions:
-Steroid hormone
-Helps in the growth of the endometrium
-Supports pregnancy
-Promotes implantation
Estrogen:
Source:
Ovarian Follicles
Functions:
-Female sex hormones
-Regulate functions of female reproductive organ
-Development of the mammary gland
-Helps with milk secretion
LH:
Source:
Pituitary gland
Functions:
Triggers ovulation
FSH:
Source:
Pituitary gland
Functions:
Helps control the menstrual cycle and stimulates the growth of eggs in the ovaries
GnRH:
Source:
Hypothalamus
Functions:
-Causes the pituitary gland to make and secrete the hormones, LH and FSH
-Males causes testicles to make testosterone
Events of the female hormonal cycles:
First part of cycle:
Uterus: Menstruation
When:
The time bleeding starts to when it ends.
What:
Old blood and tissue from inside the uterus is shed through the vagina
Ovaries: Follicular phase
When:
The time bleeding starts until ovulation
What:
Signals from the brain tell ovaries to prepare an egg to be released
Uterus: Proliferative phase
When:
From the end of bleeding until ovulation
What:
The uterus builds up a thicker inner lining
Interlude: Ovulation
When:
About midway through the cycle (may differ from cycle-to-cycle. Ovulation then divides the two phases of the ovarian cycle (the follicular phase and the luteal phase)
What:
An egg is released from the ovary into the fallopian tube
Second part of cycle:
Ovulation: Luteal phase
When:
From ovulation until the start of the next period
What:
The sac that contained the egg produces estrogen and progesterone
Uterus: Secretory Phase
When:
From ovulation until the start of the next period
What:
The lining of the uterus releases or secretes chemicals that will either help an early pregnancy attach if an egg as fertilized, or help the lining break down and shed if no egg was fertilized
Disorders associated with the reproductive system (including STIs):
AIDS:
Cause:
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Symptoms:
Fever, weakness, infections, cancer
Treatment:
Drugs to treat or delay symptoms
Chlamydia Infection:
Cause:
Chlamydia trachomatis bacteria
Symptoms:
Painful urination and intercourse, mucous discharge from penis or vagina
Treatment
Antibiotics
Genitals Herpes:
Cause:
Herpes simplex 2 virus (HSV2)
Symptoms:
Genital sores, fever
Treatment:
Antiviral drug (acyclovir)
Genital warts:
Cause:
Human papilloma virus (HPV)
Symptoms:
Warts on genitals
Treatment:
Chemical or surgical removal
Syphilis:
Cause:
Treponema pallidum bacteria
Symptoms:
Initial chancre usually on genitals or mouth; rash six months later; several years with no symptoms as infection spreads; finally damage to heart, liver, nerves, brain
Treatment:
Antibiotics
Gonorrhea:
Cause:
Neisseria gonorrhoaea bacteria
Symptoms:
In women, usually none; in men, painful urination
Treatment:
Antibiotics
Methods and Classifications of contraceptives:
Coitus Interruptus:
Withdrawal of penis from vagina before ejaculation; not very effective; some sperm may reach vagina before ejaculation
Rhythm Method:
Abstinence from sexual intercourse around time of ovulation; difficult to determine time of ovulation; not effective.
Mechanical Barriers:
Prevent sperm from entering vagina during sexual intercourse. Examples: Male or female condoms, diaphragm, cervical cap
Chemical Barriers:
Contain spermicides; are more effective when used with a condom. Examples: Creams, foams, jellies
Combined Hormone Contraceptives:
Contain estrogen and progestins to prevent pregnancy; disrupt normal hormonal patterns of female cycle, and prevent follicle maturation and ovulation. Examples: Chemical ring, patch, oral contraceptives.
Injectable Contraception:
Injection of a progesterone derivate prevents follicle maturation and ovulation; works for 3 months
Contraceptive Implants:
Implantation of a rod containing progestin under the skin in the arm; can prevent follicle maturation and ovulation for 3 years
Intrauterine Devices (IUDs):
objects implanted in the uterus are either toxic to sperm and egg cells or prevent implantation of embryo by inhibiting growth of endometrium, thicken cervical mucus
Sterilization:
Surgical methods of permanently preventing pregnancy; vasectomy in male (removal of a small portion of the vas deferens, preventing sperm from entering semen), tubal ligation in female (cutting of the uterine tubes, preventing sperm from reaching egg)