Reproductive System p.2 Celine Cercado

Major functions of the Reproductive system (male and female)

Anatomy of male reproductive structures

Anatomy of female reproductive structures

Hormones of the reproductive system (male and female)

Events of the female hormonal cycles (be sure to include all categories)

Disorders associated with the reproductive system (including STI’s)

Methods and Classification of contraceptives

Male

Female

Male

Female

Only system not needed to survive

production of offspring

delivers sperm to female

houses & nourishes developing embryo & fetus

Testes

Testes produce sperm and hormones

Intenral & external reproductive organs

Primary organ

accessory organs

250 lobules separated by connective tissues

holds 1-4 coiled seminiferous tubules

Semiferous tubules

stratified epithelium

contains spermatogenic cells that give rise to sperm cells

sperm cells

head contains haploid nucleus & acrosome

Acrosome digestive enzymes that erode tissue surrounding female's egg cell

Midpiece contains mitochondria

body

Flagellum provided lashing movements to propel the sperm through fluids, toward egg

tail

Penis

urine & semen to outside of body

inserted into vagina during sex

glans penis is richly supplied with sensory nerve endings associated with feelings of pleasure during sex

Hormonal control

develop & maintains secondary sexual characteristics

Pituitary Hormones

GnRH secreted by hypothalamus

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

triggers production of gonadotropins from anterior pituitary gland

LH

Luteinizing hormone

promotes development of interstitial cells of testes

secreted male hormones

FSH

Follicle-stimulating hormone

stimulates sertoli cells of seminiferous tubules to respond to testosterone

Sex hormones

Androgen

male sex hormone; testosterone most important

testosterone

stimulates development of male organs

produce and maintains sex cells

transports cells to site of fertilization

Ovaries

produces oocytes & female sex hormones

Uterus

Produces & sustains embryo during pregnancy

Vagina

Uterine secretions to outside body; receives erect penis during sexual intercourse; provides passageway for offspring during birth process

Ovary

soild, ovoid structures located in the lateral wall of pelvic cavity

primary sex organs

External and internal reproductive organs

Secondary sex ogans

medulla made up of connective tissue, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, & nerves

cortex contains follicles & covered by cuboidal epithelium

Uterine tubes

near ovaries

expands to form infundibulum with finger like fimbriae on its margins

Uterus

hollow and muscular organ

upper 2/3 has dome-shaped top

Fundus

lower 1/3 is cervix

endometrium

inner wall

myometrium

muscular/ middle wall

Perimetrium

outer wall

Vagina

parrtially covered by hymen

consists of 3 layers

Labia minora

flattened, longitudinal folds between labia majora

Clitoris

small projection at anterior end of vulva,k between labia minora

contains columns of erectile tissue

Vestibule

space enclosed by labia minora into which vagina & urethra open

Ovarian Cycle

Menstrual cycle

start of puberty, occytes stimulate to continue meiosis

meiosis results in occytes having half the number of chromosomes as other body cells

Primary oocyte undergoes meiosis I, divides unequally, giving rise to large, haploid secondary oocyte & tiny first polar body

Fertilization occurs, second, unequal cytoplasmic division, gives rise to large egg cell & tiny second polar body

End of meiosis II, chromosomes of sperm & ovum combine, resulting in formation of zygote

monthly changes in uterine lining leads to menstrual flow as endometrium shed.

Menache: occurs when reproductive organs have matured & begin responding to female hormones.

GnRH secretion from hypothalamus causes secretion of FSH & LH from anterior pituitary

FSH stimulates maturation of follicle in ovaries

estrogen increases during 1st week to thicken endometrium of uterus

Follicle matures fully, about day 14 of cycle ready for ovulation

ovulation triggered by mid-cycle surge in LH; secondary oocyte & follicle fluid are released from ovary

Estrogen

Progesterone

responsible for female secondary sexual characteristics breast development, sex organs, enlargement, increased adipose tissue depostition, & increased vascularization of skin

triggers uterine changes during menstrual cycle.

Androgens

produce changes at puberty; growth of pubic, & axillary hair.

Birth Control

Refers to voluntary regulation of number of offspring produced

Coitus Interrupts

withdrawal of penis from vagina before ejaculation

sperm might reach vagina before ejaculation

Rhythm Method

abstinence from sexual intercourse around time of ovulation

difficult to determine time of ovulation

not effective

Mechanical Barriers

prevent sperm from entering vagina during sexual intercourse

male and female condoms

diaphragm

cervical cap

Chemical Barriers

contain spermicides

more effective when used with condom, foams, creams, and jellies

Combined Hormone Contraceptives

contains estrogen & progestins to prevent pregnancy

disrupts normal hormonal pattern of female cycle & prevents follicle maturation & ovulation

chemical ring, patch, oral contraceptives

Injectable Contraceptives

injection of progesterone derivative prevents follicle maturation & ovulation

works for 3 months

Contraceptives Implants

Implantation of rod containing progestin under skin in arm

prevents follicle maturation & ovulation for 3 years

Intrauterine Devices

IUDs

Implanted in uterus either toxic to sperm & egg cells and prevents implantation of embryo by inhibiting growth of endometrium, thicken cervical mucus

Sterilization

surgical method of permentaly preventing pregnancy

vasectomy in male tubal ligation in female

pills taken by mouth

AIDS

caused by HIV and can be transmitted by sexual intercourse

HIV is found in semen

results in destruction of body's immune defenses infections & cancers can be fatal

Pelvic inflammatory disease

PID

one possible complication of STIs gonorrhea & chlamydia

May lead to infection & sterility in females

Uterine tube scarring may cause infertility

Syphilis

STI that can cause health problem if is not trend

directed contract with syphilis sore

direct contact during vaginal , anal,or oral sex

sores, rashes or mucous membrane lesions, headache and paralysis

treatment: antibiotics

Prevention: latex condoms, monogamous relationship, and no sex

Fever, rash, chills, muscle aches, mouth ulcers

Treatment: antiviral therapy

Antirevorial medicine and not having sex

pain to lower abdominal, fever, bleeding between periods

Trichomoniasis

common STD that's caused by infection with protozoan parasites called trichomonas vaginalis

passed by during sex, penis to vagina, vagina to penis, or vagina to vagina

no sign or symptoms, men: itchy in penis or burning after urination. Women: itching, burning, thin discharge with unusual smell.

Chlamydia

STD that can infect men & women

Sex with someone who has it

Vaginal, anal, or oral sex

Abnormal discharge, burning when urination, rectal pain, discharge, and bleeding

Medication

Prevention: testing before sex and condoms

HPV

Common STI, different virus that HIV and HSV (herpes)

Having sexual relationship with someone with virus

Vaginal, anal, or oral sex

no signs/ symptoms

Treatment: no treatment for virus

Prevention: vaccination and latex condom

Genital Herpes

STD

Herpes simplex virus type I

Anal, vaginal, or oral sex

No symptoms, blisters on genital, rectum, or mouth

Treatment: No treatment can cure, Antiviral medication

Prevention: Latex condoms and no sex

Bacterial Vaginosis

Too much of certain bacteria in vagina

Sexually active women can spread it

Thin white or gray discharge, pain and itching and burning when urination.

Treatment: antibiotics

Prevention: no sex and no douching

99% effectivness

Side effects: pain bleeding, and risk of infections

for both female and male

99% effectiveness

Side effects: some discomfort with placement

Chemical protection

93-99% effectiveness

Side effects: weight gain

93-99% effectiveness

Chemical method

side effects: nausea, breast tenderness, and blood clots

put in vagina with spermicide

76-99% effectiveness

Side effects: menstrual side effect and allergic reaction, and irritation

Gonorrhea

STD that infects both men and women

infections in the genitals, rectum, and throat

vaginal, anal, or oral sex

burning sensation when urinating, painful or swollen testicles, and white, yellow, or green discharge

Treatment: Medication

Prevention: latex condom

Crabs/ Pubic lice

parasite insects found primarily in pubic or genital area

close personal contact with someone with it

clothing or sexual contact with someone infected

itching in genital area, visible nits, or crawling lice

Treatment: lice killing lotion

Prevention: Examined, and machine washed clothing

Scabies

Infestation of skin by human itch mite

contact with someone who has it

skin to skin contact

Intense itching and pimple like itchy rash

Treatment: Scabicides

Prevention: No sex or skin to skin contact with someone infected

Internal condoms

put in vagina

76- 99% effectiveness

side effects: allergic reaction and irritation

External condoms

put over penis

76-99% effectiveness

Side effects: allergic reaction and irritation

Fertility Awareness

fertility signs and abstain or use condoms on fertile days

behavior protection

76-99% effectiveness

no side effects

79-99% effectiveness

no side effects

behavioral protection

put inside vagina

76-99% effectiveness

allergic reaction and irritation