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Holderness Coast and River. Calder, Geology, Climate, Human Activity,…
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Geology
River Calder
Geology = hard and soft rock near Hebden Bridge. The hard rock is known as millstone grit and the soft rock is called mudstone. The mudstone erodes faster to create a waterfall called Lumb Falls.
Holderness Coast
Geology = Most of Holderness Coast is Boulder coast (soft rock), this erodes faster and creates a bay (Bridlington Bay). The north part is made of Chalk,this is the hard rock and creates a Headland (Flamborough Head).
Climate
Holderness Coast
The boulder clay is permeable - saturated and there is a moderate amount of rainfall as a result there is more mass movement.
River Calder
There is more mechanical weathering in the upper course (near Todmorden) as it is colder due to higher altitude. Therefore more mass movement takes place in the upper course as more rainfall means land become saturated more often and steep gradient.
Human Activity
River Calder
There are dams like Scammonden Dam and this affects transportation of alluvium because the area behind the dump has low energy this means the less alluvium is carried downstream as a result this affects the formation of floodplains and levee. Fish cannot swim upstream. This reduces the chances of flooding downstream. Another human activity includes channelisation, this takes place in Hebden Bridge, this reduces erosion therefore meanders cannot form as a result the town is protected from erosion. Less biodiversity occurs because water flows too fast for plants to grow.
Holderness Coast
One human activity includes a concrete growing at Mappleton this prevents longshore drift and makes the beach wider by trapping sand. This is good for Mappleton because the wider beach means waves break earlier therefore this reduces erosion. A negative impact of this includes that beaches further south are more narrow therefore more erosion occurs.Another human activity includes a seawall in Bridlington.
This absorbs wave energy therefore it reduces erosion and protects the towns. And a negative impact of the seawall is that the coastline changes shape as either side continues to erode quickly (boulder clay)
Landforms
River Calder
One river landforms include V shaped valleys this is near Todmorden this is formed when lots of vertical erosion happens due to steep gradient. The valley sides are weakened by weathering for example freeze Thor weathering. Then mass movement creates the V shape
Another river landforms include the waterfalls this is a lump fall near Hebden Bridge. This form is when hard rock overly soft rock. The soft rock erodes faster. This creates notch, plunge pool and overhang. Then the knot grows the overhang collapses and the waterfall retreats dust creating a gorge
Another river land form is meanders this is near Wakefield. This is formed when there is a turbulence inflow this means there is faster and slower parts of a river channel. In the outside bend the water is faster and deeper therefore erosion takes place and erodes the river cliff. In the inside bend the water is slower and shallow therefore deposition takes place and creates slip off slope
Holderness Coast
One coastal landform is called headland and bees. Brackets Flamborough head and Bridlington head. There is a discordant coastlines this means hard and soft rock are perpendicular to the sea. The soft rock erodes faster forming a bay. Then the hard rock erode slower this stage is sticking out and create a headland
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