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RELIGIOUS WARS AND THE COUNTER-REFORMATION, image , image , image , …
RELIGIOUS WARS AND THE COUNTER-REFORMATION
RELIGIOUS WARS
1521
Church excommunicated Luther
attempted to prosecute him for heresy
unsuccessful
he received the protection of the German nobles
saw
an opportunity
to increase their possessions
their autonomy from
Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire
Carlos I
Catholic Monarchs' grandson
King of Spain
appointed Emperor in 1519
devout Catholic
tried to mediate in this conflict
to prevent the division of the Church
Diet of Worms
meeting
which no agreement was reached
Catholics
considered the Lutherans Protestants
referred to themselves
Reformed
emperor
supported
Pope
Church
Protestant German princes
suported
Luther
formed an alliance
Schmalkaldic League
civil war broke out
Emperor
Catholic German princes
defeated the League at
Battle of Mühlberg in 1547
France
sided against the Emperor
in a greater balance of military power
Peace of Augsburg
signed
1555
under which
Emperor granted
the Protestant princes religious freedom
agreement did not result
in religious peace in Europe
On the contrary
provoked a series of religious wars
Low Countries
Dutch War of Independence
Eighty Years' War
1568-1648
this was
a rebellion against Spanish rule
civil war between the Calvinists and Catholics
ended
with the victory of the Calvinists in the northern provinces
British Isles
Wars of the Three Kingdoms
1639-1651
series of conflicts among
Anglicans and Puritans
in England
Scotland and Ireland
ended
Anglicans gaining power
Catholics
France
wars between
Catholics
Protestants
continued into
second half of the 16th century
were very bloody episodes
massacre of Protestants
St. Bartholomew's Day in 1572
conflicts ended in 1598
King Henry IV signed
2 more items...
Consequences of religious division in Europe
Protestants and Catholics
persecuted each other
in the areas they dominated
example
Switzerland
Calvinists executed
Spanish scientist Miguel Servet
1 more item...
Pope and the Emperor
became less influential
Protestant kings and nobles
gained more power
by taking over
their national churches
their possessions
THE COUNTER-REFORMATION
was a movement
religious
intellectual
political
led by
Catholic Church
against the Protestant Reformation
Council of Trent
held
between 1545 and 1563
established the Catholic Church’s
three areas
internal reform
the repression of Protestantism
the clarification of their teachings
areas
Internal reform
Measures were taken to resolve internal corruption
Seminaries and universities
founded
to improve the training priests received
Bishops
controlled
sale of indulgences
prohibited
religious orders
reformed
Society of Jesus
gained importance
Jesuits
main group responsible
for spreading the teachings of the Counter-Reformation
The repression of Protestantism
followers
considered heretics
Inquisition
reinforced
Index of forbidden books
opposed
Catholic faith
The clarification of their teachings
dogmas and principles
Protestants had rejected were maintained
included carrying out
good deeds to achieve salvation
observing the seven sacraments
serving the seven sacraments, recognising the Pope as the highest authority
venerating the Virgin Mary and the saints
need for priests to interpret the Bible to avoid deviations
