Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Crime and Society - Coggle Diagram

- - - - creates social solidarity (togetherness) which binds wider community together.
      - when crime is committed they are punished by criminal justice system
        
        reminds other citizens of value consensus which strengthens effectiveness
    - - what society needs to change as a result of crime
        
        change starts with deviance
      - current social policies have lost their functions in society
  - - - prostitutes are the 'safety valve' for men to release frustrations without threatening their marriage
        
        maintains nuclear family
        
        more beneficial to do this then for society then stamp out prostitution.
    - - prostitution has continued
  - - - everyone can achieve cultural goal of material success through the means of hard work and determination.
    - - 5 responses that could occur
        
        Conformists
        
        fail to achieve success but believe hard work will help achieve the goal of material success.
        
        Rebels
        
        react badly to not achieving the cultural goal of material success abandoning and creating new goals.
        
        Innovators
        
        realise that they cannot achieve material success by conforming to the conventional means of hard work.
        
        create new ways to achieve wealth
        
        may lead to criminal activity
        
        Ritualists
        
        Those who give up on goals lack self-belief to achieve them.
        
        They reject the means as they are no longer relevant to them.
        
        Retreatists
        
        cope with failure by forgetting about the cultural goal.
        
        compensate for failure by obsessing the means and work too hard and become jobsworths who don’t relate to other staff members.
        
        irritate others and don't progress in the workplace
- - - - begin to influence other people’s opinions, which then in turn affects the labelling process. 
  - - - technically illegal the criminal label is not attached
        
        criminal label is not attached, it does not affect the ‘self-concept’ of the individual
        
        no labeling takes place
    - - act that generates strong responses
        
        label being attached to the offender.
        
        offender may experience consequences such as punishment or humiliation.
        
        becomes the person’s master status and therefore their controlling identity.
        
        self-fulfilling prophecy and as a result more crime.
      - causes a deviance amplification spiral.
        
        media become central to the deviancy amplification spiral.
        
        represent the deviant group in a negative way
        
        self-fulfilling prophecy takes hold and more crime will occur.
  - - - ideological law making.
      - law can be useful in maintaining false class consciousness.
        
        bourgeoisie allows laws that seem to help the proletariat such as the minimum wage and health and safety regulations in the workplace.
- - - - unable to succeed placing them at the bottom of the official status hierarchy - not being able to achieve mainstream goals. 
        
        creates status frustration
        
        turn to others in same situation and form a delinquent subculture with alternative values, rejecting the goals of the school.
        
        Alternative status hierarchy
        
        form subcultures, based on shared experiences and create new goals that are achievable to them, which conflict with middle class culture of the school.
        
        results in 'alternative status hierarchy' as the boys are competing with each other to see who can be the best delinquent in the school. 
  - - - Exist in inner-city estates which a criminal culture is dominant.
      - easy for frustrated youths to learn criminal skills and have the opportunity to practice their trade.
      - have criminal role models to look up to and learn from.
    - - emerge in inner-city estates, particularly in areas that suffer from a high social turnover.
      - difficult for a criminal culture to develop as different gangs battle with each other for overall control.
    - - youths who want to be criminals do not always succeed.
      - individuals become ‘double failures’ and are unlikely to succeed in professional or violent crime so turn to illegal drug use instead. 
- - - - 1.Biological differences
        
        believe that some people are more prone to commit crime based on their genetics.
        
        Herrnstein and Murray
        
        main cause of crime is low intelligence which is biologically determined.
      - 2.Cultural deprivation
        
        through effective socialization, the risk of criminal behavior can be controlled.
        
        Murray
        
        ‘underclass’ of immoral and culturally deprived people emerged and are the most common criminals. 
        
        due to breakdown of the nuclear family and a generous welfare state
      - 3.Rational choice theory
        
        Clarke
        
        crime occurs when an offender sees an opportunity to commit crime when rewards are greater than the risks.
        
        crime is increasing because the risks of committing crime are too low to act as an effective deterrence. 
  - - - 1.Relative deprivation
        
        when someone feels worse off compared to others, or their own expectations.
        
        Young
        
        working class are likely to experience relative deprivation as they feel humiliated when comparing their life chances to the middle class.
      - 2.Marginalization 
        
        powerlessness that is experienced by some of the most disadvantaged in society.
        
        unable to improve their situation through conventional means, some turn to violence and rioting to express their anger and humiliation. 
      - 3.Subculture
        
        Lea and Young
        
        subcultures are response to lacking the means to achieve the cultural goals of society.
        
        led to an increase in street crime as deprived groups have attempted to find a collective solution to their situation.  
- - - - around 80% of all reported and recorded crime is committed by men.
      - men make up around 95% of the prison population.  
- - - - Shoplifting is a low-level crime and therefore only provides ‘sneaky thrills’.
      - Murder is more severe and therefore the ‘righteous slaughter’ brings the biggest thrill. 
        
        main reason why men commit crime in the postmodern world.
        
        traditional means of achieving masculinity are no longer available, many young men suffer from a lack of status and clarity with regards to their identity.