Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

global politics, case studies - Coggle Diagram

- - - - just cause
        
        innocent lives in imminent danger and intervention is for protecting lives
      - proper authority
        
        initiated by by a political authority within a political system that allows distinctions of justice
      - just intention
        
        force can only be used for a just cause and nothing other than that cause
      - good possibility of military success
        
        arms may not be used in a futile cause or in a case where disproportionate measures are required to achieve success
      - proportionality
        
        the benefits of waging a war must be proportionate to its expected evils and harms
      - last resort
        
        force may be used after all peaceful and viable alternatives have been exhausted
    - - distinction
        
        non combatant immunity
      - proportionality
        
        harm caused to civilians/civilian property is not excessive in relation to the concrete and direct military advantage anticipated by an attack on a legitimate military objective
      - military necessity
        
        moral and legal obligation to jus ad bellum
      - fair treatment to POW
        
        enemy combatants who surrendered or are captured are no longer a threat
      - prohibition of crimes deemed mala in se
        
        combatants may not use other methods of warfare deemed evil
  - - - people's cultural and religious identities will be the primary source of conflict in the post–Cold War world.
    - - new wars take place in the context of state failure and social transformations driven by globalization and liberal economic forces
    - - from interstate to intrastate
      - global north to global south
      - armed state forces to armed non state actors
      - competing empires to war between people with tradition relations
      - battlefield to civilian spaces
      - from expanding territory to grievances
  - - - caused by a single factor
      - conflict parties are rational and unitary actors
      - conflict is always visible
      - conflict is always undesirable
      - conflict always needs to be settled
      - conflict always requires third party intervention
    - - interstate armed conflict: between 2+ states
      - intrastate armed conflict: between government and internal opposition groups
      - internationalized intrastate conflict: between state and internal opposition group + additional intervention
  - - - Conflict is the dynamic process of actual or perceived opposition between individuals or groups
    - - Peace is often defined as both the absence of conflict and violence as well as a state of harmonious relations.
    - - Violence is often defined as physical or psychological force afflicted upon another being
    - - Non-violence is the practice of advocating one’s own or others’ rights without physically harming the opponent
  - - - guerilla: numerically larger group of individuals; operate as a military unit, attack enemy forces, and seize and hold territory while also exercising some form of sovereignty or control over a defined geographical area and its population.
      - insurgency groups: in addition to irregular military tactics (like guerilla), involve coordinated informational and psychological warfare efforts designed to mobilize popular support in a struggle against a force.
      - insurgency groups vs terrorism: insurgents use ideology to target governments, but terrorists target governments to advance ideology
    - - religious justification (Al Qaeda, Boko Haram, ISIS, Hezbollah)
      - ethnic bases of terrorism (palestinian liberation organization)
      - ideological left oriented terrorism
      - ideological right oriented terrorism (rise of neo nazism in europe)
      - state use of domestic terrorism (ethnic cleansing in south sudan, rwandan genocide)
    - - increased security - intelligence gathering (detection and prevention) - disrupting finances - retaliation/punishments - pre-emptive action
      - realist vs liberalist measures:
        
        realist: US measures. Maximising on security and defense. Operation enduring freedom (invasion of Afghanistan 2001), Operation Iraqi freedom (invasion of iraq 2003), Guantanamo Bay, New Counterterrorist acts (NSA)
        
        liberalist: emphasis on national unity and focus on fighting the underlying causes of terrorism: poverty, marginalization, discrimination, exclusion
- - - - traditional societies based on subsistence agriculture, societies preconditioned for take off, economies with values encouraging growth, economies where production is diversified, societies with high levels of mass consumption
  - - - pros of aid: life saving, life sustaining, restores peace, creates jobs, access to education, investment in infrastructure
      - cons of aid: encourages corruption, leads to inflation, loss of economic sovereignty, exploitation, favouritism, aid dependency
      - hinders development because of the cons, mainly aid dependency
    - - when so much money is going towards repaying debt, it blocks development in other areas.
      - debt leads to corruption and embezzlement in the upper class
      - debt hinders environmental development (destruction of resources)
    - - culture
        
        Effects on business, trade and development
        
        China was very developed in the middle ages; economic growth stagnated due to culture, pride and sense of self sufficiency and borders were closed
        
        Adam smith: china has been stationary, a country neglecting foreign commerce cant have the same type of business as other countries
        
        Other example: DPRK, isolationist, Taliban leads to afghanistan being one of the least developed countries
        
        Culture can, however, be a promoting factor for economic development
        
        Asian tigers, Role of confucian values and east asian cultures
        Done for the greater collective good, rather than for the individual
    - - malin notes
        
        More people- can’t provide for everyone
        
        Too many women having too many babies
        
        J Sachs: Fewer kids, more investment for the future generations. World population exploded, countries where this happen s where women dont hold a place in society, but giving more education to women gets them out of not being in the house having kids
    - - feminist crit persp
        
        Saudi women cannot pursue education, employment
        
        Uganda expelling Asians (racially motivated)- afterwards, Uganda was hit with a recession
        
        Apartheid
        
        J. Sachs on gender discrimination: half of a population will hinder contribution to overall development
    - - Political
        
        corruption
        
        nepotism
        
        dictatorships
        
        failed/rogue states
        
        poor leaderships
      - economic
        
        debt
        
        sanctions
        
        trade laws
        
        lack of funds
        
        taxes
        
        lack of education and healthcare
      - social
        
        religion
        
        discrimination
        
        racism
        
        misogyny
        
        civil disorder
        
        gender inequality
      - institutional factors
        
        differing priorities
      - environmental
        
        climate change
        
        pollution
        
        geographical location
        
        overpopulation
- - - - anarchic world system where the state is the greatest authority
      - power and security should be the priority of the state.
      - classical realism: maximised power
      - structural realism: defense and security.
    - - cooperation on the global state, where NGO's and MNC's hold power. promotion of democracy.
  - - - consequences on the different levels of analysis
      - soft power
      - promote a sense of civic responsibility
      - modelling good governance
      - build networks across state borders
      - However:
        
        have no economic or military power
        
        dependent on host countries, donors and the media
        
        lack the power of states and the diplomatic stature of IGO's
    - - can they be effective?
        
        Successful movements should act in a political environment in which they have leverage to demand systemic change. Authorities who control institutional policy grant concessions only when organized disruptions are more damaging to their continued power than giving in to the demands of the movement.
      - two types: good and bad
        
        good
        
        they seek to pressure institutional authorities into reducing systemic inequality, extending democratic rights to previously excluded groups, and alleviating material, social, and political injustices.
        
        bad
        
        They arise in response to good movements and they seek to preserve or intensify the exclusionary structures, laws and policies that the emancipatory movements are challenging.
      - large-scale institutional changes that broaden freedom or advance the cause of social justice are rarely initiated by institutional authorities or political elites.
  - - - legitimacy rests on citizens' perceptions and expectations of the state, and these are co-constructed between state actors and citizens.
      - most commonly a democracy
- - - - criticised: voluntary basis of implementation, no method of implementation, sovereignty cannot be exceeded, western bias
      - 4 key principles: universal, interdependent, indivisible and inalienable.
  - - - universal human nature transcends traditional boundaries of identity; universal values are possible
    - - critique of universalism
      - suggests values to be culturally and individually determined. In a relativist view, global agreements on the most fundamental aspects of human life are hence difficult to achieve.