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Congress, Government and Supreme Court actions and attitudes towards the…
Congress, Government and Supreme Court actions and attitudes towards the rights of African Americans
State Governments
Republicans Leaders did not penetrate the solid south, which remained racist under strong presidents
The opposition of the judicial system in many states in the south were determined to hold back change
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The democratic political dominance was built on ideas of segregation; such as Alphabet Agencies segregated black people from white people
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Police chief “bull” Connor allowed KKK members to attack black people for 15 minutes before taking action
The Supreme Court
Brown v Board (1954) helped the rights of African Americans as it declared that the racial segregation of children in public schools was unconstitutional
Plessy v Ferguson (1896): did not help the rights of African Americans as it imposed a ‘separate but equal’ law, where races could be separated as long as they had equal facilities. This was violated by many states
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Wilkins v Mississippi (1898) did not help as it declared that voting discrimination was not unconstitutional because there was no mention of race in voters laws
Boynton v. Virginia in 1960 confirmed that segregation on interstate (between different states) bus transportation was unconstitutional, giving rise to the Freedom Rides
Presidents
Abraham Lincoln (1861-65): HELPED
- emancipation proclamation
- 13th amendment
Andrew Johnson (1865-69): HINDERED
- democrat
- wanted to unite America, so allowed councils in the South where Black Codes were made
Ulysses Grant (1869-77) HELPED:
- congressional reconstruction
- passed 14th and 15th amendments
- 3 Enforcement Acts
Rutherford B. Hayes (1877-1881) HINDERED
- allowed Jim Crow Laws
- violated voting system to ensure power
Woodrow Wilson (1913-21) HINDERED
- birth of a nation
- believed in white supremacy
Franklin D. Roosevelt 1933-45) HELPED
- alphabet agencies (CCC)
- Legislation (Fair Labour Standards Act)
- Executive Order 8587
Harry Truman (1945-52) HELPED
Eisenhower (1952-60)
HELPED
- gave federal support to desegragate schools
- executive order (equal opportunity in employment)
- But was against ending seperate but equal
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