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Reproductive System- Kaylyn Ganiron (p.5) - Coggle Diagram
Reproductive System- Kaylyn Ganiron (p.5)
MAJOR FUNCTIONS
MALE
produce sperm
pass on DNA/ sperm to female reproductive system during intercourse
fertilize egg after capacitation
testosterone for stimulation of secondary sexual characteristics
secondary sexual characteristics (ex. deeper voice, thickening of skin, and body hair)
FEMALE
produce oocytes
receive penis during intercourse
fertilizes and nurtures fetus
deliver + feed offspring
produce and maintain sex cells
provide envoirnment for a developing fetus
initiate puberty and/or menopause
secondary sexual characteristics (ex. breast growth and widening hips)
MALE REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES
testes
ovoid structure
suspended by spermatic cord outside trunk in a sac, the scrotum
seminiferous tubules carry sperm to epididymis
produce male sex hormones
epididymis
promotes sperm cell maturation
stores sperm cells
conveys sperm cells to ductus deferens
tightly coiled
connected to the testis
sit of sperm maturation
leading from the testis to the ductus deferens
ductus deferens
conveys sperm cells to ejaculatory duct
unites w/ the seminal vesical duct and empties into ejaculatory duct
muscular tube
seminal vesicles
secretes an alkaline fluid containing nutrients and prostaglandins that helps regulate pH of semen
sac-like structure
attached to the vas deferens near base of the urinary bladder
prostate gland
secretes a fluid that contains citrate, a nutrient for sperm
chestnut- shaped structure
secretes thin, milky fluid
contains prostate-specific antigen (PSA), an enzyme to help liquefy semen
scrotum
encloses, protects, and regulates temp of testes
sac for testes
houses the testes and the penis
suspended from the lower abdomen, posterior to the penis
penis
conveys urine and semen to outside of the body
inserted into vagina during intercourse
cylindrical organ
contains erectile tissue (corpora cavernosa + corpus spongiosum)
stiffens for intercourse
enlarges at its distal end to form glans penis
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES
ovaries
solid, ovoid structure
located within the lateral wall of the pelvic cavity
subdivided into an inner medulla and an outer cortex
ovarian follicles = sac in the ovary
cuboidal epithelium = absorption and filtration
primordial follicles
millions form from groups of cells in ovarian cortex
each consists of primary oocyte surrounded by follicular cells
pimary oocytes begin meiosis
meiosis = produces oocytes and ultimately yields mature eggs
uterine tubes
lead from the ovary to the uterus
near ovaries
expand to form an infundibulum
infundibulum = catches and channels the released egg
cells lining the tubes have cilia
cilia = transport oocytes + embryo
interior accessory organ
uterus
hollow, muscular organ
internal accessory organ
recieves embryo from uterine tube
maintains development of embryo
upper 2/3 of the uterus = fundus
lower 1/3 of the uterus = cervix
10 diameters for dialation for labor
vagina
internal accessory organ
fibromuscular tube that extends from uterus to the outside
vaginal orfice is partially covered by a membrane = hymen
has 3 layers
uterine secretions
recieves penis during intercourse
birthing canal
clitoris
small projection at anterior end of vulva
between labia minora
contains columns of erectile tissue
vestibule
space enclosed by the labia minora
external accessory organ
provides lubrication
labia minora
form a hood around the clitoris
flattened, longitudinal folds
between labia majora
labia majora
labia = lips
encloses + protects other external reproductive organs
external accessory organ
anterior ends meet to form the mons pubis = covers the pubis symphysis
HORMONES
MALE
GnRH
secreted by the hypothalamus
testoserone
most important male hormone
stimulates development of male reproductive organs
secondary sexual characteristics
ex. deep voice, body hair, muscular growth, thickening of skin, skeletal growth
LH
promotes development of interstitial cells of the testes
secretes male hormones = testoserone
released by pituitary gland
FSH
stimulates stertoli cells of seminiferous tubules
released by pituitary gland
FEMALE
estrogen
secondary sexual characteristics
ex. breast development, sex organ enlargement
androgens
produce some changes at puberty
ex. growth of pubic and axillary hair
progesterone
ovaries = main source
completes development of uterus wall
promotes glycogen storage
GnRH
secretion from the hypothalamus causes secretion of FSH and LH from anterior pituitary
FSH
stimulates the maturation of a follicle in the ovary
become follicle
released by pituitary gland
LH
stimulates cells to produce testoserone precursors
spikes signal for ovulation
released by pituitary gland
EVENTS OF THE FEMALE HORMONAL CYCLES
menstrual cycle
i. anterior pituitary gland scretes FSH and LH
ii. FSH stimulates maturation of a dominant follicle
v. anterior pituitary releases a surge of LH, which leads to ovulation
vi. follicular cells become corpus luteum cells, which secrete estrogens and progesterone
iii. follicular cells produce and secrete estrogens
vii. if secondary oocyte is not fertilized, corpus luteum degenerates (no longer secretes estrogens + progesterone
viii. as estrogen + progesterone concentrations decline... blood vessels in endometrium constrict
ix. uterine lining disintegrates, producing a menstrual flow
x. the menstrual cycle repeats
DISORDERS (STD/ STI)
syphilis
cause/ pathogen: treponema pallidum
transmission: direct contact w/ a syphilis sore during vaginal, anal, or oral sex
signs/ symptoms: signs vary on stages, sore(s), painless, skin rashes, swollen lymph nodes, and fever
treatment: penicillin and antibiotics
prevention: avoiding all forms of sex
STI that can cause serious health problems if it is not treated and is divided into stages
genital herpes
STD that both genders can contract w/o knowing
cause/ pathogen: caused by the herpes simplex viruses type 1 or type 2
transmission: having anal, oral, or vaginal sex
signs/ symptoms: sores or breaks in the skin or mucous membranes, genital sores (bleeding), no symptoms, and blisters
treatment: no treatment to cure herpes
prevention: antiviral medications and latex condoms
chlamydia
a common STD that can infect both genders, and cause permanent damage to female reproductive system
cause/ pathogen: infection and chlamydia trachomatis
transmission: vaginal, anal, or oral sex w/ anyone who is infected, or can be passed on from mother to baby during birth
signs/ symptoms: rectal pain, bleeding, discharge, pain and swelling in one or more testicles, discharge from the penis
treatment: can be cured w/ the right treatment and medication
prevention: avoiding all forms of sex and latex condoms
gonorrhea
can infect both genders, can cause infections in the genitals, rectum, and throat
cause/ pathogen: neisseria gonorrhea bacterium
transmission: having oral, vaginal, or anal sex, pregnant women can pass infection on to baby during birth
signs/ symptoms: bleeding, anal itching, discharge, soreness, painful bowel movement, painful or burning sensation when urinating, and/or no symptoms
treatment: medication and can be cured
prevention: not having any form of sex and using latex condoms
triomoniasis
aka ¨trich¨ is a very common STD but is considered the most curable
cause/ pathogen: infection w/ a protozoan parasite (trichomonas vaginalis)
transmission: infected person to an unifected person during sex
signs/ symptoms: signs vary because of age and overall health factors
treatment: cured w/ a single dose of prescription antibiotic medication
prevention: latex condoms
AIDS/ HIV
is a virus that attacks the body´s immune system
cause/ pathogen: HIV
transmission: having multiple sex partners, and anal, vaginal, and oral sex
signs/ symptoms: weight loss, fever, night sweat, and fatigue
treatment: cannot be cured but does have medication
prevention: latex condoms
HPV/ genital warts
most common STI with many different stages
cause/ pathogen: human papilloma-viruses
transmission: having vaginal, anal, or oral sex
signs/ symptoms: small bumps or group of bumps in the genital area, no symptoms, or health problems
treatment: treatment varies in stage
prevention: HPV vaccine and catch-up vaccine
PID
an infection of a women´s reproductive organs
cause/ pathogen: bacteria from clamydia and gonorrhea
transmission: sexually active, use and IUD, and have more than one sex partner
signs/ symptoms: bleeding between periods, fever, pain in lower abdomen, and burning sensation during urination
prevention: avoiding all forms of sex and latex condoms i
bacterial vaginosis (BV)
a condition that happens when there is too much of certain bacteria in the vagina
cause/ pathogen: gardnerella vaginalis and bacteria
transmission: researchers do not know the exact transmission but usually happens to sexually active women
signs/ symptoms: pain, itching or burning in the vagina, strong fish-like odor, burning when urinating, itching around the outside of the vagina
treatment: can sometimes go away w/o treatment, medicine, and antibiotics
prevention: not having sex, not douching, and limiting the # of sex partners
viral hepatiries
a chronic or lifelong infection
cause/ pathogen: HAV, HBV, and HCV
transmission: contact w/ blood, semen, or vaginal fluid
signs/ symptoms: no symptoms, liver damage, and sickness
treatment: vaccines and medical treatment
prevention: latex condoms and no form of sex
METHODS & CLASSIFICATIONS OF CONTRACEPTIVES
birth control
voluntary regulation of the # of offspring produced
avoids fertilization
prevent implantation
i. coitus interruptus
withdrawl of penis from vagina before ejaculation
not very effective
ii. rhythm method
abstinence from sexual intercourse around time of ovulation
not effective
iii. mechanical barrier
prevent sperm from entering vagina
ex. male or female condoms or cervical cap
iv. chemical barrier
containing spermicides
ex. creams, foams, jellies
more effective when used w/ condoms
v. combined hormone contraceptives
contain estrogen + progestins to prevent pregnancy
prevent follicle maturation + ovulation
ex. chemical ring, patch, oral contraception
vi. injectable contraception
injection of a progesterone derivative
prevents follicle maturation + ovulation
works for 3 months
no period at all
vii. contraceptive implants
implantation of a rod containing progestin under the skin in the arm
can prevent follicle maturation + ovulation for 3 yrs
viii. intrauterine devices (IUDs)
object implanted in the uterus are either toxic to sperm + egg cells or prevent implantation of embryo
inhibits growth of endometrium
T-like shape
ix.sterilization
surgical methods of permanently preventing pregnancy
tubal ligation (female) = cutting uterine tubes
vasectomy (male) = removal of a small portion of the vas deferens
CONTRACEPTIVES
surgical
female sterilization
procedure done once and is permanent
5 out of 100 effectiveness
side effects: pain, bleeding, and risk of infection
male sterilization
procedure done once and remains permanent but possibility of being reversed
15 out of 100 effectiveness
side effects: pain, bleeding, and risk of infection
IUD
contraceptive device implant, hormonal lasting up to 5 years and copper lasting 5-10 years
99% effectiveness
side effects: less than 1 in 100 chances of getting pregnant
mechanical
diaphragm
a device that must be put in the vagina w/ spermicide every time you have sex
12 out of 100 effectiveness
side effects: allergic reaction and irritation
internal condom
a device inserted into the vagina every time you have sex
21 out of 100 effectiveness
allergic reaction, irritation, no prescription needed
external condom
a device that is to cover the penis each time you have sex
13 out of 100 effectiveness
allergic reaction and irritation
chemical
injectables
can be a needle injection
8 out of 100 effectiveness
side effects: 1-7 in 100 chance of getting pregnant depending on method used
pill
taken by mouth and used everyday at the same time, can be either (COC) or (POP)
8 out of 100 effectiveness
side effects: risk of blood clots, lighter periods, breast tenderness, and improved acne
spermicides
must be inserted into the vagina every time you have sex
25 out of 100 effectiveness
allergic reaction and irritation
behavioral
fertility awarness
must be monitored for fertility signs and abstain or use condoms on fertile days and is used everyday
24 out of 100 effectiveness
no side effects
withdrawl
this method is used when you pull penis out of vagina before ejaculation and must be used each time you have sex
20 out of 100 effectiveness
no side effects