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mind map 9 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - so much of the history of sterilization was not voluntary, way back to the founding of gynocogological sciences
    - - what a horrendously screwy way to think abt incarceration and reproductive health, pls stop reducing issues to the political spectrum
    - - (1) the right to have a child under the conditions of one’s choosing; (2) the right not to have a child using birth control, abortion, or abstinence; and (3) the right to parent children in a safe and healthy environment free from violence by individuals or the state
  - - - i did a survey, 100% of people would not take 30 days off a sentence or receive $300 to get a vasectomy
  - - - the term soft sterilization is pretty genius
        
        By focusing on the removable nature of the device, nonprofit and state-sponsored organizations avoid the stigma of previous involuntary sterilization programs, thereby allowing for the strategic reduction of pregnancies among black women, indigenous women, women of color, and poor women through the targeted provisions of LARC.
        
        even though its the same thing, but covert except not really
      - Within this public health framework, the disproportionately high rates of unintended pregnancies in the United States among young, black, Latina, and poor women are used to justify the systematic targeting of marginalized women by health-care providers
      - LARC-first recommendations to curb unintended pregnancies inaccurately identifies unintended pregnancy as the cause, rather than a consequence, of social inequality (Higgins, 2014; Higgins, Kramer, & Ryder, 2016). The practice of LARC deployment as a cure for social and moral ills follows the historical patterns of population control where black women, indigenous women, women of color, women with disabilities, and women on state or federal assistance have been disproportionately targeted (Abramovitz, 2006; INCITE!, 2013; Solinger, 2010). The use of contraceptive mechanisms to limit pregnancy among groups of women whose childbearing is perceived negatively (Malat, 2000) is juxtaposed against the promotion of pregnancy among white, middle class, and wealthy, able-bodied women. The unique properties of LARC—being highly effective, nonagentive, and provider-controlled—combined with systematic, coercive practices designed to limit contraceptive choice are critical to the foundation of soft sterilization.
    - - crazy considering all those stereotypes abt whos on welfare👀
      - plus over sexualization of the black body, think abt history of black reproduction in the US, liberated black sexuality is dangerous bc it subverts white supremacist narratives about black humanity and autonomy
    - - modern barriers to birth control, abortions, and voluntary sterilization i.e. women want they tubes tied and need a hubbys permission
      - The political fixation on reproductive choice—typically referring to contraceptive and abortion access—exemplifies the nonexistent reproductive choices that have always existed for black women, indigenous women, and women of color. Reproductive history in the United States is a history of reproductive injustices. The lived experiences of women are constrained through race, class, sexuality, and ability in ways that vary with one’s positionality. LARCs epitomize this nuance. For privileged white women with access to health insurance and reproductive health care, LARCs are highly effective contraceptive devices that require no additional action on the part of the user after insertion. The extremely low risk of unintended pregnancy with LARCs can be emancipatory for privileged women who are able to have the device removed if that is what they choose to do. For black women and women of color, who are disproportionately poor and criminalized, LARCs do not represent the same experiences of emancipation. Lack of access to comprehensive sex education, regular reproductive health-care providers, transportation, and language translators influence the ways in which black women and women of color navigate their reproductive health.
  - - - THEY CAME LIKE THAT DAMN AND THEY CAME CORRECT WOOOOOOH
      - on some pussy hat planned parenthood founder shit
    - - OK ABOLTION
        
        this is like my fave article this semester
    - - like how we gotta work under captialism and make bank for worker until we can change shit
        
        can wealth redistribution happen under capitalism or does that mean we're doing something different
    - - YESSSS THAT PART THAT PART YUP
      - https://naacp.org/find-resources/history-explained/origins-modern-day-policing
    - - historically it all adds up
      - also in eugenics laws sterilizing criminals is just another way to say BIPOC bc thats who is imprisoned at higher rates bc police were made for yeah you get the point
  - - - reproductive autonomy
        
        THIS IS WHAT IVE BEEN SAYING YESSSSS this article makes me happy oddly bc it explicitly states ideas that have only been hinted at in other readings
- - - - extremely clear targeting and over policing of black americans
    - - "criminal justice contacts" refers to contact with the criminal justice system, PIC, and police
      - short term health improvements while incarcerated, comparable health improvements /changes of migrants to the us?
      - incarceration related events in life not only increase stress but also intensify preexisting issues that occur on the basis of race, class, sexuality, etc.
    - - First, concerns about selection bias and unmeasured
        confounding plague this literature
      - Second, because most studies in this area have used disease outcomes, concerns about biological plausibility and misclassification error remain.
      - Third, although life-course researchers have highlighted the importance of the timing, duration, and repetition of exposures for health (Pavalko and Willson 2011), few studies of criminal justice contacts and health have empirically tested these concepts
      - Finally, in studies of criminal justice contacts and health, few have simultaneously considered how contacts along the criminal justice continuum jointly contribute to health risk, which raises a number of concerns.
    - - Research Question 1: What is the association between incarceration and markers of physiological and psychological well-being in early adulthood?
      - Research Question 2: Does the life-course timing, duration, and dosage of incarceration matter for health?
        
        i.e. age of incarceration family career etc, length of sentence, security of facility and treatment during imprisonment
      - Research Question 3: Do preincarceration contacts with the criminal justice system shape health risk and help to account for the association between incarceration and health?
      - Research Question 4: What is the contribution of black–white disparities in criminal justice contacts to racial health inequities?
  - - - Data for this study came from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health
    - - Outcomes.
        
        C-reactive protein
        
        count of depressive symptoms
      - Criminal justice contacts.
      - Other measures
    - - Descriptive analyses
      - Incarceration and health.
      - Preincarceration criminal justice contacts and health
      - Criminal justice contacts and racial health disparities: mediation analysis
  - - - Formerly incarcerated individuals reported more depressive symptoms in both adolescence and young adulthood
      - Supplementary analyses revealed that the bivariate association between incarceration history and CRP was suppressed by gender; women have higher CRP than men on average but are less likely than men to be incarcerated.
      - after adjusting for gender differences in CRP, the association between incarceration history and inflammation was highly significant.
      - compared to whites, black young adults had higher CRP
        
        and more depressive symptoms
      - Black individuals were also more likely than whites to have been arrested (p = .032) and incarcerated (p = .046).
    - - Inflammation
        
        formerly incarcerated individuals had higher levels of CRP than individuals who were never incarcerated.
      - Depressive symptoms
        
        significant association between incarceration history and depressive risk
    - - results showed strong associations between incarceration history and health, where formerly incarcerated individuals had higher CRP and more depressive symptoms than never incarcerated individuals net of other preincarceration contacts with the criminal justice system
    - - For depressive symptoms, the models indicated that black individuals had more depressive symptoms than whites, that arrests and incarceration were associated with increases in depressive symptoms, and that blacks had greater risk of arrest and incarceration than whites.
      - These results indicated that black–white disparities in arrest and incarceration are particularly salient sources of racial disparities in depressive risk. For CRP, results of mediation analyses failed to achieve statistical significance; the black–white disparities in CRP were no longer statistically significant after adjusting for the full set of covariates