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Karen Morales period 6 Reproductive System - Coggle Diagram
Karen Morales period 6 Reproductive System
Major functions of the Reproductive system
(Male and female reproductive organs are quite different, but share same four tasks)
MALE
to produce (spermatogenesis) and store sperm
to deliver sperm to the male reproductive system
to produce sex hormones
FEMALE
to produce eggs (oogenesis)
to provide a nourishing environment for the fetus
produce sex hormones
Combine genetic information contained within gametes through fertilization.Zygote is formed when sperm and egg fuse
Bring gametes from male and female together through sexual intercourse
(copulation)
Form specialized cells for sexual reproduction call gametes.Sperm – gametes in males.Ova(eggs) – gametes in females
Support development of fetus (gestation) and birth of baby (parturition)
Anatomy of male reproductive structures
The Scrotum
:Sac of skin and superficial fascia. Hangs outside abdomino pelvic cavity at root of penis.Midline septum divides scrotum into two compartments, one for each testis.Scrotum is affected by temperature changes. lower tempt is necessary for sperm production
Male Duct System
Accessory ducts carry sperm from testes to body exterior
Ductus deferens
(vas deferens) &
Ejaculatory duct
: 45 cm long.Joins duct of seminal vesicle to form ejaculatory duct
Epididymis
:Sperm mature in epididymis.During ejaculation, epididymis contracts, expelling sperm into ductus deferens
Urethra
: Conveys both urine and semen
Testes
: sperm-producing male gonads that lie within the scrotum.
Septa divide testis into ~250 lobules, each containing one to four seminiferous tubules.
SPERM PRODUCTION SITE
surrounded by two tunics. Tunica vaginalis: outer layer derived from peritoneum.Tunica albuginea: inner layer forms fibrous capsule.
Sperm is conveyed from seminiferous tubules to straight tubule then into rete testis, into efferent ductules, and into epididymis
Penis
: male copulatory organ. consists of root and shaft that ends in glans penis.Prepuce, or foreskin: cuff of loose skin covering glans.penis made up of spongy urethra and three cylindrical bodies of erectile tissue, spongy network of connective tissue and smooth muscle with vascular spaces
Male accessory glands
Prostate
:Encircles urethra inferior to bladder,consists of smooth muscle that contracts during ejaculation.Secretes milky, slightly acid fluid( 1/3 of semem volume)
Bulbo-urethral glands
(Cowper’s gland): produces thick, clear mucus during sexual arousal. lubricates glans penis
Seminal glands
(seminal vesicles):Contains smooth muscle that contracts during ejaculation.produces viscous alkaline seminal fluid ( 70% of semen)
semen
: milky white mix of sperm and accessory gland secretions. facilitates sperm movement
Reproductive Hormone Secretion male
Sex hormone:
testosterone
:Prompts spermatogenesis and targets all accessory organs
Male secondary sex characteristics
skin is thick and oily
skeletal muscles and bones grow
sex drive begins
deepening of voice caused by larynx enlargements.
appearance of pubic,armpit and facial hair
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal (HPG) Axis
: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
:a releasing hormone responsible for the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary.
Anatomy of female reproductive structures
Internal genitalia
: located in pelvic cavity
ovaries
:Produce female gametes (ova ) * secrete female sex hormones, estrogen and progesterone
Ovarian follicles: tiny saclike structures embedded in cortex. contain oocyte. each month ripened follicle ejects oocyte (ovulation)
paired structures flank the uterus, are almond shaped
Ovarian ligament: anchors ovary medially to uterus. Suspensory ligament: anchors ovary laterally to pelvic wall
duct system
uterine tubes
:also called fallopian tubes receive ovulated oocyte and are usual site of fertilization
10 cm (4 in) long and extends from area of ovary to superior region of uterus
during ovulation, uterine tube captures oocyte
0 cm (4 in) long and extends from area of ovary to superior region of uterus.contains ciliated projections called fimbriae that drape over ovary. the site where fertilization usually occurs
vagina
:Thin-walled tube 8–10 cm.functions as birth canal, passageway for menstrual flow, and organ of copulation
uterus
:Hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ. receives, retains, and nourishes fertilized ovum
uterus wall
perimetric: outermost serous layer
endometrium:mucosal lining
myometrium: bulky middle layer
cervical canal
Cervix: narrow neck, or outlet; projects into vagina
Isthmus: narrowed inferior region
Fundus: rounded superior region
Body: major portion
external genitalia
external sex organs
Vestibule: recess within labia minora
Clitoris: anterior to vestibule
Mons pubis: fatty area overlying pubic symphysis
Labia minora: skin folds lying within labia majora
Labia majora: hair-covered, fatty skin folds
mammary glands
breasts
: milk production for newborn
Events of the female hormonal cycles
Ovulation: Each month after puberty, a select few primary oocytes are activated (release of egg). caused by high hormonal levels (FSH). one egg is selected to dominant follicle
OVARIAN CYCLE
:monthly (~28 day) series of events associated with maturation of egg
Ovulation
:Ballooning ovary wall ruptures, expelling secondary oocyte with its corona radiata into peritoneal cavity.which a mature follicle ruptures in response to a surge in LH, releasing a mature oocyte.
luteal
:estrogen and progesterone increase and work together to create changes in the lining of the uterus that prepare it to accept an embryo, should conception occur. The lining thickens so that it will be in the right condition for implantation and nourishment of a fertilized egg.
Follicular Phase
increasing levels of what hormone are secreted from the maturing follicular cells and the continued growth of the dominant follicle cell induce proliferation of the endometrium and myometrium (thickening of the uterus).
FSH levels drop around middle of follicular phase
several vesicular (antral) follicles become sensitive to FSH
and are stimulated to grow.One dominant follicle becomes especially sensitive to FSH
follicles and oocytes may take nearly a year to mature before ovulation can occur
Primary follicle becomes secondary follicle:
Secondary follicle becomes vesicular (antral) follicle
A primordial follicle becomes primary follicle.
Antrum: large cavity that is formed when all fluid coalesces.Antrum continues to expand with fluid isolating oocyte.Isolated oocyte with its surrounding granulosa cells called corona radiata
It is ready to be ovulated
After oocyte and corona radiata are ejected, ruptured follicle transforms into glandular structure called corpus luteum
Ovarian follicle – functional unit of ovary that encloses a single oocyte surrounded by
Secondary follicles – have multiple layers of granulosa cells surrounding primary oocyte
Vesicular (antral) follicles – (tertiary follicles) have a fluid-filled cavity called an antrum
Primordial follicle: single layer of squamous pre-granulosa cells surrounding primary oocyte
Uterine (menstrual) cycle
: cyclic series of changes in endometrium that occur in
response to fluctuating ovarian hormone levels
Days 6–14: proliferative (preovulatory) phase:the uterus is responding to the estrogen produced by the follicles, rebuilding the lining that was just shed during the last period
Days 15–28: secretory (postovulatory) phase:Endometrium prepares for embryo to implant. if fertilization doesn't occur corpus lute degenerates.
Days 1–5: menstrual phase:the elimination of the thickened lining of the uterus (endometrium) from the body through the vagina.
Reproductive hormone regulation female
Negative feedback inhibits gonadotropin release
Positive feedback stimulates gonadotropin release
FSH and LH stimulate follicles to grow, mature, and secrete sex hormones
LH surge triggers ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum
GnRH stimulates FSH and LH secretion
SEX HORMONES
progesterone:works w/ esterogone to establish the uterine cycle
estrogens
induce secondary sex characteristics: growth of breasts, widening of pelvis
promote oogenesis and follicle growth in ovary
Disorders associated with the reproductive system
syphillis
:Bacterial infection transmitted sexually or congenitally
Trichomoniasis
: parasitic infection that is more common in women than men.
gonorrhea
:Bacterial infection of mucosae of reproductive and urinary tracts
chlamydia
:most common bacterial sti. caused by chlamydia trachoma's. contracted from birth canal
Prostate cancer
:cancer in a man's prostate, a small walnut-sized gland that produces seminal fluid
breast cancer
:invasive breast cancer is most common malignancy and second most common cause
of cancer death in U.S. women. a lump in breast
testicular cancer
:cancer in the male organs that make male hormones and sperm
cervical cancer
:a tumor in the lower most part of the uterus that can be prevented by PAP smear
genital herpes
: caused by herpes simplex virus
menopause
occurs when menses have ceased for an entire year
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
: cause of genital warts
Methods and Classification of contraceptives
barrier methods: prevent pregnancy by blocking sperm. This stops the sperm from reaching an egg. Types of barrier methods include condoms, diaphragms, cervical caps, and the contraceptive sponge.
hormonal methods:contain either estrogen and progestin or progestin only; they are a safe and reliable way to prevent pregnancy. injections, pills, skin patches
sterilzation: male sterilization(vasectomy):Keeps sperm out of ejaculated semen. female sterilization:Eggs are blocked from meeting sperm
intrauterine device method: are small contraceptive devices that are inserted into the uterus to prevent pregnancy. The 2 types available are the copper IUD and the hormonal IUD.
