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C10 - Final Mocks - Coggle Diagram
C10 - Final Mocks
L12 - NPK Fertilisers
Nitrogen compounds:
- Ammonia from Haber process used to make nitric acid.
- Nitric acid is reacted with ammonia further to produce ammonium nitrate.
Potassium compounds:
- From potassium chloride or potassium sulphate.
- Mined from the ground and user directly.
Phosphorus compounds:
- Mined but has to be chemically processed.
- Treated with nitric acid --> Phosphoric acid and calcium nitrate. Acid is neutralised using ammonia --> ammonium phosphate
- Treated with sulphuric acid --> mixture of calcium phosphate and calcium sulphate. This single superphosphate can be used.
- Treated with phosphoric acid --> Triple superphosphate.
Lab:
- Dilute solutions of ammonia and nitric acid.
- Produce crystals using a water bath and Bunsen burner, this requires a lot of heat energy.
- Batch process.
Industry:
- Ammonia as a gas and concentrated nitric acid (very exothermic so heat has to be safely removed to be used in later stages).
- Evaporation aided by ectothermic reaction.
- Continuous process.
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L7 - Corrosion
Rusting only occurs with iron and alloys of iron. To show the requisites for rusting we can:
- Place a nail in a test tube of distilled water (W&A)
- Place a nail in boiled water in a test tube with a layer of oil above it (W)
- Place a nail in a test tube with anhydrous calcium chloride and a rubber bung (A)
Corrosion can be prevented using certain finishes such as grease, paint and electroplating (coated with different metal). Galvanisation can also be used, the zinc acts as a barrier against air and water; if the zinc is scratched, corrosion is still prevented as zinc is more reactive than iron (sacrificial protection).
L10 - Polymers
The properties of polymers can be changed by altering the reaction temperature, pressure or catalyst. These properties are also dependant on the monomer.
Thermosoftening: Chains held together through IM forces that can be broken through application of heat.
Thermosetting: Chains are held together through cross-links which cannot be broken through application of heat.
L11 - The Haber Process
Ammonia can be used to make nitrogen based fertilisers for farming. The raw materials needed for the haber process are nitrogen (from the air) and the hydrogen (from reacting steam with methane). These materials are passed over an iron catalyst at 450 degrees at 200 atm.
To increase yield, we cool the ammonia and remove it as a liquid.
L8 - Alloys
- Bronze - Copper and tin, hard and tends not to corrode so used for statues.
- Brass - Copper and zinc, harder than pure copper but can be formed into different shapes so is used for instruments.
- Gold alloys - Pure gold is too soft so it is alloyed to make it harder (24 carat = 100% pure)
- High carbon steel - Extremely hard but brittle, used for cutting tools such as chisels.
- Low carbon steel - Softer and more easily shaped, used to make car bodies.
- Stainless steel - Chromium and nickel.
- Aluminium alloys - Low density so used for aeroplane bodies.