the British standards institution - sets standards relating to goods, services and management systems and will also carry out assessment and certification. has a heart logo

Lion mark - 1988 - British toy and hobby assosiation. must have signed code of practice

copyright - 1988 - starts the moment a work is fixed in tangible form. protects creators and gives rights to control the ways in which their material may be used. allows creators to take legal action again and get unauthorised use. e.g literary, music, film, it lasts for the lifespan of the creator + 70 years.

Design rights - not achieved via registration. protect for ten years from first sale or up to 15 years from date to creation, whichever comes first. apply to shape, appearance and decoration

registered designs - intellectual property office - must pay for this. protection only applicable in countries where design has been registered. lasts for 25 years but most be renewed every 5 years. design registration is usually less expensive than other forms of intellectual property protection.

patents - an exclusive right granted for an invention, product or process that provide new ways of doing something. creates invention from unauthorised production. allows creator to use, sell and manufacture. online database allows applicant to: check if any similar exist, check for patents available to liscense. they take 2/3 years to be granted and gives 20 years of protection.

trademarks and logos - used to distinguish goods and services from those of similar traders e.g. names, words, slogans, designs, symbols, numbers, phrases, letters, sounds, smells etc. trademarks can be identified by the abbreviation 'TM'. takes between 6-18 month to register and gives exclusive legal rights o use, licence or sell the trademark within the country. lasts for 10 years but can be revoked if not used in 5 years.

open source - free open source software allows anyone in the world to use and even copy and change the sofware

open design - an approach to developing physical products, machines and systems with no restriction of intellectual property rights. e.g thingiverse gives 3D files free of charge

designers are responsible for the products they create and the impact of the product on the environment. one way of perceiving sustainability is as a catalyst for innovation and as an opportunity and not a problem

the on pack recycling label scheme (OPRL) help householders better separate packaging and reduce the amount that goes into landfill. in 2006, the waste electrical and electronic component equipment regulation came into force to promote recycling, minimise waste and to promote development of environmentally friendly products.

numerical recycling gives codes for specific materials so easy recycling. in polymers a resin identification code is used.
a product that can be maintained or upgraded is more future proofed than one with built in obsolescence

designing to reduce material thickness (less resources/costs), designing integrated fittings, using pre-made components, working to standardised sizes

ribs - may be integrated into a material by pressing, moulding, folding or weaving. added to increase strength and make structure.

webbing - the reduction of material thickness by using integrated gussets and webs to strengthen and support a structure e.g done by injection moulding or lay up.

1. annular - multi-use and used in products like press fit pens, cups and bottle caps. work by 'hoop strain' where more elastic part is pushed into a more rigid part. a ridge on the male party mates with gully on female using circular.

2. u-shaped - variation of cantilever. commonly used in closures e.g. batteries. u-form increases length of beam and creates a spring allowing more deflection. often used where materials are less flexible

3. tosion - more complex/ less widely used. good for when regular opening/ closing is needed. have pivot point and hinge. shear force exerted to open the fixing.

4. cantilver/push fits - integral chips or ridges usually detachable. rapid assembly/disassembly.

pre made components - many manufacturers purchase standardised components from external suppliers to use in the production of their products.
standard patterns - used when designing and making a range of products including garments. body shapes vary and adjustments can be made.

textured moulds - can be both functional and used to enhance the aesthetics of a product. can also be used to improve grip, create lettering and logos and simulating other materials e.g leather woodgrains.

process used to retrieve parts, components and materials for reuse and recycling. in recent years, there's been a focus for designers to reduce the number of parts in a product.

benefits of ease of disassembly: easier analysis of products, easier maintenance, repair and reuse. easier recycling, increase in value of end of life products, reduction in need of specialist breaking and sorting facilities

when developing sustainable products you should avoid: using lots if parts and different materials, using irreversible adhesives in laminates/ joints, adding finishes that contaminate materials, using hazardous materials, integrated battery.

Active disassembly involved use of smart materials to speed up disassembly. benefits - doesn't damage parts, enabling them to be used again, makes disassembly faster and increases end of life recycling.

assesses whether a proposed product, system or process has any potential. tests the technical, economic, market, legal and production aspects.

testing with prototypes - scale models and feedback taken. full size is good for ergonomics.

virtual testing - advantages in CAD/CAM allow simulations to run to test viability of design.
testing the market - product may be popular with one user group and not others.