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RESEARCH METHODS IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY - Coggle Diagram
RESEARCH METHODS IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
HYPOTHESIS AND THEORIES FORMULATION
prediction
not necessarily easy even if it is, not necessarily true
how the Psychologist come up with ideas for their studies?
Inspiration
based on early theories or research
researcher came up with new theories based on the previous research
a theories is develop, from a hypothesis down to the theories, then - the theories being tested. from the result will form a new theory
eg: Leon Festinger
dissatisfied with the existing theory of behaviorism, then formulated new approach - cognitive dissonance theory
with a testes hypothesis, a result form a new theory
Hypothesis
based on personal observation
diffusion responsibility
social psychologist came up that maybe more people who witness something big, the less likely it is that someone will intervene.
they thought that someone might have call the authority already.
RESEARCH DESIGN
Correlation
two or more variable measured systematically and the relationship between them
Goals: to correlate, access relationship
correlation coefficient
technique that show that you can predict one variable from another statistically
Positive correlation
increase , increase
decrease, decrease
Negative correlation
decrease, increase
increase , decrease
usually use in : Survey
research that a representative sample of people are asked
question about their attitudes or behavior are asked
Advantage :
result are representative whole populations
relationship behavior are the difficult to observe
Disadvantage:
doesn't tell the causes of the behavior
EXPERIMENT
advantage
Easier to control
eliminate extraneous variable
this method enable to making of causal inferences
to test a hypothesis, researcher will randomly assigns participant to observe
but ensures that all conditions are identical except for the independent variable.
dependent variable
variable that be measured
example :
internal validity
extraneous variable
can be individual
confounding variable
thing that can effect the experiment such as time, places
all confounding can be extraneous but not all extraneous can be confounding variable.
make sure that nothing beside the independent can affect the dependent variable
independent variable
variable that changes or has some effect on some other variable
example :
external validity
high in external validity
means that result highly be generalized to other populations
low in external validity
result are lowly to generalized
result if the study can be generalized to all populations
to other situations and people
Disadvantage
a participant can be influenced by the environment such as if they know they are being observed, they might be difference or give answer nit based on how they truly feel
Observation method
description - an nature of a phenomenon
systematically observe, record, or measure some behavior
aim: to describe a particular group or type someone behavior
type of research
ethnography
research that to observe and understand a group or culture by observing from the inside the community
without interrupt the community
goals: understand richness and complexity of a group
observing it in action
importance
to establish interjudge reliability
to minimize biases and distorted impression
archival analysis
examines document or archives of a culture
diaries, novel, suicide notes or social media
analyze a lot of source that contain data
limitation
its only describe because no observations just an analysis on some source without any interaction happen
some data hard to observe because some limitation
a speculation is just not enough, proper research needed.
ETHICAL ISSUES
Its was not right to manipulate people just for the sake of your research
might effect their mental state
for example the Experimental of Milgram
for some reason, these are importance
informed consent
an agreement that are given to participant before the experiment started to inform the participant about the research
awareness for them about the experiment is about
and an explanation will given on how the experiment will happen
debriefing
explanation at the end of the experiment about the true purpose of the research or experiment
deception
misleading participant about the true purpose of a study