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Civil Rights Movement Timeline, Montgomery Bus Boycott 1955-56, Sit Ins…

- - - - Little Rock High 1957
        
        Sit ins 1960
        
        Mississippi Voting campaigns 61-3
        
        Freedom Rides 1961
        
        Birmingham 1963
        
        March on Washington 1963
        
        1 more item...
- - - - Beaten to death and dumped in a river for saying 'bye baby' to white female cashier --> husban and white borhter squitted by all white jury
- - - - Local NAACP --> looking for opportunity to improve conditions in Montgomery
      - Rosa Parks --> member for NAACP, fault reputaiton --> angered by behavior of white bus drivers as well as Emmet Till
- - - - ++ 20 SS --> desegregated their bus system
      - 2nd LEGAL SUCCESS
- - - - Greensboro, NC
      - White only --> asked to be served
        
        Denied
        
        Sat and studied until it closed
- - - - EG, Greensboro July, Nashville May
  - - - Started 2 months after sit-ins
      - Leader: Ella Baker
      - Students, Black south, more girls
      - Nature and goals:
        
        ++ direct action
        
        Group-centered leadership
      - Non-violence
- - - - Workshops -> civil disobedience and had sit-ins pre 60's
- - - - 3000 marchers
      - Troops --> no violence
      - Snipers --> Kill MLK so others looked like MLK
      - MLK speech
      - Mother of 5 shot dead wile giving lift back to Selma --> murdres not accused
- - - - 500 people
      - Blocked at bridge, asked to turn around
        
        Police used tear gas and horses
        
        Transported to hospital
      - ++ media attention
  - - - 1000 blacks and white joined
      - Turned back at the bridge
      - MLK talked with FG --> No confrontation with police would happen
        
        Many accused King
        
        Still media attention
        
        White mob attacked 3 clergy man --> one dead = non arrested
- - - - Wrote letter to NYT
      - Malcom X endorses non-violent protests
    - - Demonstrations continued --> 3,000 jailed
        
        FJ:
        
        Less complicated registration
        
        Enroll 100 per day
        
        Demonstrations --> neighboring county
        
        Jimmie Lee Jackson shot dead by State trooper → Protecting mother from beatings
        
        March from Selma to Montgomery
- - - - protested together using various sit-ins
        
        FAILED
        
        Police forces learnt how to combat blacks, low publicly = no media coverage
        
        CRM too many targets
        
        Division between groups
        
        NEEDED VICTORY
        
        Birmingham
- - - - MLK continues
  - - - No jobs
      - Could not hurt them
- - - - CRB Congress
        
        Moral issue --> bad
        
        Economic issues --> S unattractive to investment
        
        Diplomatic: African leaders criticized America
      - JFK --> goes to SD
        
        significance
        
        tipping point --> effective CRM legislation
- - - - Test a law
    - - Black people would ride with other people on buses all the way down to the deep South
      - Hit and beaten by angry mobs on their journey
      - Ignore the white/colored sections on buses and bus stations
  - - - Anniston, Alabama
        
        Bus 1 --> firebombed, passengers beaten up
        
        Police stand by --> when the blacks intervened, they intervened, police fought against and beat them up
      - Birmingham, Alabama
        
        Remaning rides --> police chief allowed KKK to beat them up
- - - - Governor --> blocked at every point
        
        30th Sep: Meredith escorted to campus = hell broke loose
        
        3,000 whites fought 400 FT
        = Kennedy ordered 13,000 FT to restore order
- - - - Linda should be able to attend a white school instead of travelling across town to the black school.
- - - - SC "separate but equal is nonsense"
      - INSPIRATION!!! --> Push blacks to do more for change
      - NAACP: Largest influence
      - Southern States took followed pursuit very quickly
    - - Little immediate change
        
        Southern White Attitude --> did want to go to school with the blacks
        
        No timescale given after the SC ruling
        
        No strong presidential support/backing
        
        Brown II
        
        Tried again in 55
        
        Change "with all due speed"
        
        Still no timetable
      - Large Opposition in South
        
        KKK came back
        
        Southern Manifesto
        
        All Southern Members of Congress signed on
        
        WCC (White Citizens' Councils)
        
        Sine SS prevented desegregation
        
        Faced bullying
      - Little Support from Eisenhower
- - - - Business +100 employees = no racial discrimination... later applied to smaller businesses
      - EEOC (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission)
        
        Investigate claims in discrimination
    - - 2/3 of SS enforced desegregate public place
      - 70's Polls = majority of S accepted integration
      - White adjusted to the changes --> interracial marriages more accepted
    - - Eg: Education --> Federal funding --> force to desegregate schools = withdrew funding for schools that didn't intergrate
        
        Around 90% of schools in South followed the law
        
        Some resistance
        
        Eg: Virginia = closed down rather than allow blacks to attend
        
        HEA (Higher education Act) 65
        
        Poor black colleges + funding = black students + 400% in 60
        
        Black Middle Class grew in 60's
    - - Poor housing, education, economy, + unemployment
- - - - Set up MDFP as an alternative
      - 80,000 joined of blacks and whites
      - Represented at covention
  - - - Worried about loosing votes from Whites in the South
      - However: assumed that the Blacks would vote on him:
        
        CRA
        
        GSP
    - - White Democrats = official delegation
      - Given non-voting and speaking seats
        
        MLK and SCLC leaders agreed to this
        
        Meaning not using violence and working with DG in Washington
        
        Bring ++ reform on Voting Rights
- - - - SNCC felt sellout
      - SNCC lost faith with:
        
        Democratic Party
        
        White Liberals
        
        MLK
        Therefore went with Malcom X
    - - Issues regarding the black vote remained an issue until 1964
      - Not much voting registration
    - - Created fear, especially after the abduction
      - Churches burnt
      - Houses bombed and/or shot
      - Abused by KKK
- - - - Johnson started a manhunt
      - FBI got involved
      - Convicted 3 years later
    - - Press releases
        
        Answered phone calls
        
        Taught lessons at FS
        
        Organized BVR
      - Conclusion
        
        1600 registered
        
        Fear was biggest problem
        
        Many shot and beaten