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THE LATE VICTORIANS, AESTHETISM AND DECADENCE, RUDYARD KIPLING, THE LATER…
THE LATE VICTORIANS
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Social Darwinism
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Spencer --> applied the principle of the "survival of the fittest" to human society, poorest not deserving compassion
Sir Francis Galton --> eurogenics, middle class as the fittest, exhortation to reproduce more
patriotism
- civic pride
- national fervour
- racial superiority
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left rise in politics
Fabian Society 1884 --> middle class socialist by progressive reforms (Webb, Shaw)
The Independent Labour Party 1893 --> non-marxist socialist party, inspired by Ruskin
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AESTHETISM AND DECADENCE
universities, intellectual circles
latest 19th century
France
Gautier
- the bohémiens reflect the sense of frustation and uncertainty
- against materialism, bourgeoisie, monotony
- escaped into an aesthetic isolation, defined "Art for Art's Sake"
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- attention to the self
- hedonistic attitude
- perversity in subject matter
- disenchantment with society
- evocative use of language
- France --> 1880s journal Le Décadent
Rimbaud, Verlaine, Mallarmé, Laforgue, Baudelaire
Huysmans - A' rebours --> model for Wilde
- Italy --> D'Annunzio Il piacere, Pascoli, Gozzano
- Germany --> Rainer Maria Rilke
Dandy
first used in the song Yankee Doodle Dandy during the American Revolution to mock the American's uniforms
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RUDYARD KIPLING
2 epics
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famous over children, Disney 1967
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1865 India
at 6 England school
1882 India --> journalist, poems and short stories about Indian life
1889 London, novelist
Usa with his wife --> The jungle book 1894-95
1896 England
1907 first Englishman nobel for literature
Latest book --> autobiography
Corrispondent in the 2 WW
1936 died, Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey
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THEATRE
stage directions
more detailed, complicated and longer
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outstanding playwriters
Oscar Wilde
- comedies with humor
- expose hypocrisy of the age
George Bernard Shaw
- his opinion on society in a provocative way
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new ones
smaller, more comfortable
new lighting --> more realistic effect
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gap 1700/end of 1800
- rise of novel
- power of managers
- great actors turn poor plays --> success
- not appreciated by the middle class
- music hall, pantomime, farce, melodrama with sensational and romantic plot
- heroines in danger, conspiring villains, happy endings
LEWIS CARROLL
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books (soon became classic) for children
- Alice's Adventures in Wonderland
- Through the Looking-Glass
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MODERNISM
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poetry
- the Georgian poets (after king George V)
- the war poets
IMAGINISM --> movement from which modern poetry begun
- free subject matter
- short poems with no moral comment
- clear images
- rhythm and metrical regularity
- precise and disciplined
SYMBOLISM --> from Baudelaire
- indirect statements
- images, sounds and symbols
- quotations from other literatures
- free verse
- attribute own meaning
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THE NEW ROMANTICS --> 1940s, love, death, birth, sex
novel
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- psychological novelist
- subjective narration novelist
- novelist committed in social and political problems
interior monologue
- stream of consciousness
- lack of chronological or logical order
- narrator may be present
- actions in the protagonist mind
- immediate speech
- direct --> as if the narrator doesn't exist, 2 levels of narration
- indirect --> organisation and control, happens in the present, inner time, character fixed in space
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THE LATE VICTORIAN NOVEL
The realistic novel
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- Thomas Hardy --> strong individuals, characters defined by native regions but they are alienated by them
- George Eliot --> psychological and moral complexity
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