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Physical Geography, The Highlands, How does the Continental Drift work?,…

- - - - Length - 325 million yrs ago
    - - Length - 4030 million yrs ago
    - - Length - 179 million yrs ago
    - - Length - 66 million yrs ago
    - - Age
        
        4.6 Billion yrs
  - - - Appalachians formed
      - North America covered by
        shallow seas
    - - Formation of Rocky Mountains
        begins
      - Innuition Mountains formed
      - Shallow seas in the interior of
        North America at various times
    - - Precambrian shields such as Canadian Shield, Brazilian Shield and Australian Shield are formed.
    - - Ice sheets cover much of North
        America
      - Continents take their present
        shape
      - Formation of the Rocky
        Mountains completed
  - - - Age of amphibians and fish
      - First insects
      - Large swamps – coal formed
        from this vegetation
      - First plants and animals appear
        on land
    - - Age of reptiles such as
        dinosaurs
      - First flowering plants
      - First birds and mammals
    - - First-multi-celled organisms
      - First single-celled organisms
    - - Human beings develop
      - Age of mammals
      - Modern forms of life emerge
  - - - The glaciers moving across the land created the glaciers.
    - - The land began to sag because of the immense weight of the enormous glaciers.
    - - During the ice age the water was draining north. It now drains south.
- - - - Relief/Orographic Precipitation
      - Convectional Precipitation
      - Cyclonic Precipitation
  - - - In Canada, the further north you travel the
        colder it gets because the solar energy received
        from the sun needs to warm more ground space due to the curvature of the Earth.
      - Standing on the equator that same beam of sunlight would heat a much smaller area resulting in much warmer temperatures
    - - Air mass can also affect climate because air
        has weight (pressure) and the levels of this pressure
        change. (Air warm = Low Pressure), (Air cool = High pressure).
      - Air moves from areas of high-pressure to areas of low pressure, which establishes prevailing winds.(Canada's prevailing winds are westerlies or eastward).
    - - Areas located near from bodies of water (Ex.large lake or an ocean), which is called maritime climate(Smaller temperature range).
        
        The reasoning is that the water acts as a modifying agent: in the winter if you were to be close to a large body of water the temperature there would be warmer than if you were inland. In the summer its the other way around.
      - Areas located far from bodies of water (Ex.large lake or an ocean), which is called continental climate (Greater temperature range).
      - The climate of an area is also influenced ocean currents.
        
        Ex.the temperature of an air mass is influenced by the body of water on top of which it is traveling.(water warm = air warm)
        
        The currents which have the
        most effect on Canada’s climate are located on the East Coast: the Labrador current (cold) flows south from the arctic and meets with the Gulf Stream (warm) which is flowing north from the southern Atlantic.
        
        When the two meet near the Grand Banks in Newfoundland they produce very foggy, and
        sometimes dangerous, conditions.
        
        Air that has traveled over water
        may be saturated (full) with water which results in
        precipitation. Air that is traveling over land
        will usually be dry!
    - - Relief refers to the differences in elevation of the Earth’s surface.
        
        The further up a mountain you travel
        the colder it gets, even though you are getting closer to the sun.
        
        Reasoning is the air mass is cooling as it is
        rising.
        
        In some cases, mountains block air masses
        from travelling across the country which causes very
        different weather patterns on each side of the mountain.
  - - - Hail
      - Snow
      - Rain
      - Mist
      - Fog
      - Dew
    - - Moisture which can include rain,
        snow, hail, sleet, frost, dew, ETC. that falls to the
        Earth’s surface
    - - precipitation falls in one form or another, all
        over the world.
        
        1) Air cools as it rises, and;
        
        2) As air cools, water vapour condenses more than it
        evaporates.
  - - - This is the upper limit (maximum) amount of water vapour an air mass can hold.
    - - This is the actual amount of water vapour in the air.
    - - This is how much water vapour is in the air compared to how much water vapour can be held by the air mass.
- - - - The bacteria in soil help
        decompose dead plants and
        animals
      - This releases nutrients back into
        the soil
      - Decaying organic material
        (humus) is formed which
        provided nutrients and moisture
        for plants
        
        Humus gives soil its dark
        colour
    - - Plants need air around their
        roots
      - Humus allows for this because
        the soil is loosely packed and
        allows for air pockets to exist
      - Air pockets are also created by
        worms, insects, and small
        animals which tunnel through
        the soil
    - - Water dissolves nutrients so
        plants can absorb them through
        their roots
      - Water is also needed in the
        chemical and physical
        processes that weather rock and
        decay organic material
    - - Minerals come from parent
        material which is rock that has
        been weathered
      - It has been broken down into
        small particles of sand, silt, and
        clay
      - Minerals such as calcium,
        phosphorous and potassium are
        nutrients needed by plants for
        growth
  - - - Fertilize the plant
      - Prune the plant
      - Water the plant
      - Plant the plant
      - Choose/select plants
        
        Main types of natural vegetation
        
        Forest
        
        Grassland
        
        Tundra
    - - Transition zone is where the
        characteristics of one region gradually
        change into those of the next.
    - - Treeline is the northernmost or the
        the highest, boundary that determines where
        trees can survive.
        
        Two Types of Trees
        
        Coniferous
        
        Needles
        
        Coniferous trees reasoning for surviving harsh weather's
        
        1)Longer roots = access nutrients deep in the soil
        
        2)Needles contain sticky sap = anti freeze(winter)
        
        3)Waxy needles + thick bark = prevent loss of moisture(rain fall levels are low)
        
        4)Flexible needles + brunches(bend) = snow slides off easy
        
        5)Needles year round = longer period of photosythesis
        
        Deciduous
        
        Leaves
  - - - Tundra Soils
      - Complex soils of mountain areas
      - Wet - Climate Soils
      - Dry - Climate Soils
    - - Boreal and Taiga forest
      - Grassland
      - Cordilleran vegetation
      - Mixed forest
      - West coast forest
      - Deciduous forest
      - Tundra
  - - - Dissolves the nutrients and
        takes them away
    - - As water evaporates, more water is taken from underground to replace it this is called capillary action. As the water evaporates it leaves the nutrients needed for plant growth. Results in a thick layer of topsoil with many nutrients (if very thick can become poisonous to plants).
- - - - Who came up with plate tectonic's theory?
        
        J.Tuzo Wilson, using new technology Wilson had been able to observe the movement of the Earth's continents.
      - What proof was there?
        
        In 1936, Tuzo designed a concept that was very important to his discovery of plates moving over fixed 'hotspots' in the mantle forming volcanic island chains.
        
        Not only did that help Wilson, but it made his theory believable to all. Another reason that backed up his theory was the occurrence of active volcanoes located many thousands of kilometres from the nearest plate boundary.
      - What were peoples reactions?
        
        His first idea was almost ignored because he had difficulty getting such a simple idea published in a widely read earth science journal.
        
        Eventually when everyone believed him and there were studies that backed him up a sudden change happened in the early 1960s; people thought his theory was radical, which was why his manuscript was rejected by many important international scientific journals.
    - - Who is J Tuzo Wilison
        
        In 1965, J.
        Tuzo Wilson is a Canadian
        scientist who came up with the idea of plate
        tectonics. Using new technologies,
        Wilson had been able to observe movement of
        the Earth’s continents.
    - - Divergent Boundaries
      - Convergent Boundaries
      - Transformation Boundaries
    - - The theory states that the Earth’s shell is made up
        of about 20 plates.
        
        These include both land and water and Wilson believed
        they “floated” on a layer of very thick, molten rock
        several hundred kilometres below the Earth’s surface.
      - Science has not yet made the discovery of why plates float, but a lot of scientists believe that the unequal distribution of heat creates convection currents which allow the plates to move.
  - - - Transform
        
        A transform plate boundary occurs when 2 tectonic plates slide past each other(horizontally). There name was given to them because they connect other plate boundaries in many ways, transforming any movement from plates.
        
        Blue : Boundary
        Yellow : Margin
      - Convergent
        
        A convergent plate boundary is when 2 tectonic plates move towards each other and collide, which most times causes one plate to slide under the other. Colliding plates result; for instance: in earthquakes, volcanoes, the formation of mountains, and other geological events.
        
        . Blue: Boundary, Yellow : Margin
      - Divergent
        
        Divergent plates occur when 2 tectonic plates move away from each other; they occur along mid-ocean ridges. The boundary they move along is commonly rising earthquakes and magma from the Earth's surface.
        
        Blue: Boundary, Yellow:Margins
    - - San Andreas Fault(in western California) is the cause of many earthquakes in California. This very well-known fault formed 30 million years ago and is one of the largest faults in the world. Its earthquakes are known to be occurring on a strike-slip fault; there found along boundaries of tectonic plates sliding past each other.
    - - 20 Plates, they float on molten rock (liquid rock) and move along boundaries
  - - - There are mountain ranges that are the same rock type and age in multiple place around that world.
      - Earth appears to fit together like one large continent
      - There are fossils of plants and animals that are similar from South America and Africa.
      - There is audience that large portions of the earth were covered in ice such as South America , Africa and Australia.
    - - Description of what Continental Drift is
        
        An extraordinary theory that explains continents shift position on Earth's surface.
      - Why did the theory begin?
        
        Fossils of similar organisms across widely disparate continents are what encouraged this theory, which became the theory starter and led to a huge discovery.
    - - Process of Pangea and if theres other Supercontinents like Pangea.
        
        Scientists believe that there are other continents like Pangea that broke apart over time, which include: Pannotia (formed 600 million years ago), and Rodinia (which existed more than a billion years ago).
      - Pangea existed about 240 million year ago.
        
        By about 200 million years ago this super huge landmass started to break apart. Over a million years passed, Pangea broke into smaller continent's and moved outwards. The continents took there now places, as the continents we now know.
      - Alfred Wegener was convinced that the Earth used to be one huge landmass, which was called Pangea.
    - - Who is Alfred Wegener?
        
        Alfred Wegener, a German scientist, came up with the theory of “Continental Drift” in 1915.
      - Continental Drift
        
        What proof did he have?
        
        None, in fact that was why Alfred Wegener was rejected by everyone who heard it. Although his reasons intrigued people and it actually made sense, he had no physical proof to go along with it.
        
        How was his idea proven to be right after rejection?
        
        Almost 50 years later Harry Hess confirmed Wegener’s ideas by using the evidence of seafloor spreading to explain what moved continents.
      - Birth - Death
        
        Born in Berlin, Germany on November 1st, 1880 - Died on November 1930 (50yrs age) in Greenland.
    - - Why was Wegner's theory not believable?
        
        His theory had no mechanisms for moving the continents. Wegner thought the strength of the spin of the Earth would be able to move continents; geologists knew that rocks are too stronge to actually make it true.
      - Was he the first to come up with Continental drift?
        
        No, he wasn't the first to but the name that was made was all him and no one else. He may have not been the first to figure out this, but he does happen to be the first to dig deeper into the theory from many different scientific approaches.
      - Wegener hypothesized that the Earth had been one huge
        supercontinent 400 million years ago called Pangea.
        
        Although this theory was reasonable, there was no physical evidence that this theory made any sense.
        
        Not only was there a theory, but he had 4 arguments to back up his statement.
- - - - Great Lakes - St. Lawerence Lowlands
      - Interior Plains(Prairies)
    - - The Canadian Shield
  - - - Manitoba
      - Nunavut
      - Ontario
      - Northwest Territoires
      - Quebec
      - Alberta
      - Newfoundland
      - Saskatchewan
        
        Types of Rocks Found here
        
        Igneous
        
        Formed in Precambrian Era
        
        Appearance
        
        Rocky Outcrops
        
        Saucer-shaped
        
        Fairly Flat
    - - Northwest Territories
      - Nunavut
      - Yukon
      - British Columbia
      - Alberta
      - Saskatchewan
        
        Types of Rocks Found here
        
        Igneous
        
        Formed in Paleozoic Era, Mesozoic Era
        
        Appearance
        
        Land slopes downwards from west to east
        
        Fairly Flat
        
        Some Small Hill
        
        Sedimentary
        (primarily)
      - Manitoba
    - - Ontario
        
        Types of Rocks Found here
        
        Sedimentary
        (primarily)
        
        Formed in Paleozoic Era
        
        Appearance
        
        Glacial hills, abundance of water
        
        Rolling hills, deep valleys
        
        Fairly Plain
        
        Igneous
      - Quebec
    - - Yukon
      - Northwest Territories
      - Nunavut
      - Manitoba
      - Ontario
      - Quebec
        
        Types of Rocks Found here
        
        Igneous
        
        Formed in Paleozoic Era
        
        Appearance
        
        Some hilly areas
        
        Fairly flat
        
        Surrounded by water
        
        Sedimentary
        (primarily)
    - - Quebec
      - New Brunswick
      - Nova Scotia
      - PEI
        
        Types of Rock Found here
        
        Metamorphic
        
        Sedimentary
        
        Formed in Paleozoic Era
        
        Appearance
        
        Rolling (rounded) mountains & hills
        
        Wide glacial valleys
        
        Long bays
        
        Igneous
      - Newfoundland
    - - Nunavut
    - - Yukon
      - Northwest Territories
      - British Columbia
      - Alberta
        
        Types of Rock Found here
        
        Metamorphic
        
        Sedimentary
        
        Igneous
        
        Formed in Mesozoic Era, Cenozoic Era
        
        Appearance
        
        Many fjords
        
        Some valleys
        
        Mountainous – tall and jagged
- - - - Covered in glacial ice
      - Mountainous
      - Surrounded by water