Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Plato and Aristotle - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Parmenideines : how can they interact with particulars if one is changing and one is unchanging in nature. - ideal of beauty constantly changing so how can this be linked to one form
        
        COUNTER : differing views nighlight worldly imperfection - all converge to form X in some way
    - - BUT : Plato - Parminidines : there could be an infinite amount of forms from dust to beauty, all equally specific to particular - no practical value
      - Aristotle questioned idea of infinite regress
        
        Russel : "bottomless pit of nonsense" - where do we stop assigning forms
      - many types of chair - only one perfect chair - how can indivisible form be present in multiple particulars
    - - BUT : if we are conscious beings - how do we access ideas in heavenly state - how do body and soul communicate
      - but Plato disagreed with Aristotelian idea that particulars can not be separated from form - purely shadows - separate entities - if no link seems illogical we can access them in realm of forms
  - - - sun is the form of the good
      - like sun, form of the good is needed to see - illuminates rational part of the soul - "gives knowing to the knower"
      - everything contingent on FoG
    - - everything is in a hierarchy - rationality is superior - visible realm (opinions) inferior to intelligible realm (knowledge)
    - - people can only see shadows of real objects, as they are immobile can never fully grasp idea of "perfect object"
        
        convincing analogy as we can have no comprehension outside our senses
        
        BUT : seems disanalagous as prisoners could understand what is outside of cave if they had the chance, we cannot comprehend anything beyond sensoty input
  - - - CHARIOTEER analogy
        
        charioteer : rational
        
        BUT : Hume : reason is slave of the passions, is placing reason above all actual good, against human nature
        
        two horses : spirited then appetitive (as lower down)
    - - recollection argument - soul must exist before birth otherwise we would not be able to learn anything - all have idea of perfect justice even if it does not exist in this world - must have come from realm of forms
        
        how does brain obtain information to recall forms - why do we not recall everything immediately
      - affinity argument - assuming immaterial world exists, soul must live there when body dies
      - cyclical - every process has a reverse eg. all dead things were once living - cycle so soul must live on after body
        
        not convincing as opposites do not always exist within things i.e. hard table was not once soft
  - - - BUT : Plato's ideal state was very totalitarian, idea pf 'philosopher kings' seems elitist
    - - set grounds for Religion - metaphysical philosophy has practical application as giving values/moral rule book
- - - - ax analogy : body is metal and wood, soul is ability to chop
        
        BUT : disanalagous - can not equate physical to metaphysical
  - - - BUT : does our universe really have a purpose
        
        evolution : the way we develop is random, not driving for a particular purpose
      - human telos is eudimonia
    - - BUT : discredited by scientific developments in quantum physics , matter can change without efficient cause
      - Hume : we can not be truly certain anything causes anything else
        
        correlation can not certainly denote causation
        
        just because observed P caused Q in past can not confirm it will in all future scenarios
    - - BUT : empiricism criticisms, eg. Descartes argument from deception : possibility our senses deceive us --> should not use empiricism as fundamental ground of argument
  - - - likens acting virtually to an archer - must take conditions into account when aiming for the middle
      - golden mean : right action is imbetween extremes of deficiency and excess
  - - - BUT : does not explain creation, how are things drawn out of nothing
    - - what allows us to develop
      - BUT : why are people drawn to evil id PM is perfect
      - BUT : why should we have to make an effort to be good if naturally drawn towards PM
      - BUT : free will
    - - BUT : seems like A is just making a logical exception that allows God to exist