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Human Development - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Socio-economic factors
        
        War
        
        Level of Aid
        
        International corporations (Ireland)
      - Historical
        
        Colonisation
        
        Corruption
        
        Natural disasters
        
        Education
      - Physical
        
        Access to the sea (trade)
        
        Access to natural resources
        
        Access to water and food (physical security)
        
        Land fertility
        
        Access to energy (rivers, fossil fuels, wind)
    - - Access to resources, which economy is built upon
      - Government policies, driving the area where they live
      - Relief of land, more remote areas are neglected.
      - Infrastructure in area, transport, electricity, plumbing
      - Civil war, leads to certain regions gaining more power
  - - - Bilateral aid
      - Multilateral aid
      - NGOs
      - International agreements (To give aid)
      - Debt relief or restructuring
      - Foreign direct investment
      - Fair trade
      - Trading groups (with multiple countries)
    - - Top-down development
        
        Hs2
        
        Pros
        
        Increase train capacity, increasing movement up north
        
        More people can now be connect
        
        Improving air quality
        
        More freight by rail, decreasing traffic on roads (76 lorries for each train
        
        Cons
        
        Expensive (costs could rise to over 100b billion
        
        Original thoughts of 200% investment benefit have dropped to around and below 100%
        
        3 areas of conservation are cut through, as well as housing estates
        
        Rise of home-working due to the pandemic, less demand for transport into London
        
        Lesotho dam
        
        Pros
        
        Provides water for SA, who are low on water and electricity for Lesotho
        
        SA is semi arid, so under 500mm rainfall
        
        72 MW of power
        
        Water is Lesotho's major export
        
        2.5% increase in GDP
        
        Cons
        
        Leaky infrastructure means that a lot of the water is lost unnecessarily
        
        Caused earthquakes
        
        AIDs outbreak due to foreign workers.
        
        27,000 diplaced
        
        Creates jobs, big infrastructure projects.
      - Bottom-up development
        
        Small projects that can have a snowball effect on development
        
        Rice duck farming in Nepal
        
        Reduces malnutrition in children, as yield is greater from agriculture.
        
        Naturally aerates the rice, which increases nutrition in the soil
        
        Ducks are sold after the rice has fully grown.
        
        Rice duck farming increases the work load for farmers, which can therefore cause labor shortages.
        
        Micro-hydro in Nepal
        
        Decreased use of biofuels, which is dangerous, as it can cause fires
        
        Utilized Nepal's strong water supply
        
        Bottom development in HICs, Plas Madoc
        
        99 out of 1909 for development in Welsh regions
        
        Investment from Splash community trust kept the centre afloat
        
        People gained better access to exercise
        
        40 jobs were created
        
        1/3 million was invested into the community
- - - - GINI
      - GNI
      - GDP
      - Income
      - Poverty
    - - Demographic
        
        Birth/death rate
        
        Natural increase
        
        Average age
        
        Population pyramids
        
        Life expectancy
        
        Infant mortality rate
        
        Net migration
        
        Dependency ratio
        
        Demographic change
        
        DTM
      - HFI
      - Gender equality
      - Corruption
    - - access to natural resources
      - Food security
      - Water security (physical)
- - - - Affordability
      - Availability
      - Quality(nutrition) and safety
      - Natural resources and resilience, resilience to disease, weather and chemicals. Soil quality/ fertility.
      - Reasons for uneven food security
        
        Climate
        
        Technology
        
        Development (ability to confront problems)
        
        Access to opportunities for food production
        
        Types of food security
        
        Physical
        
        A lack of freshwater in a give area, relative to the demand of that area.
        
        Economic
        
        There is a sufficient amount of freshwater, but a lack of infrastructure to extract it.
    - - Good governance
      - Transboundary corporations, water can be imported to support a lack of supply
      - Financing, extraction can be expensive
      - Peace and political stability
      - Reasons for uneven water security
        
        Development
        
        Access to water
        
        Climate
        
        Regulation on chemicals, dumped into water
        
        Pollution
        
        Solutions to water security
        
        Desalination, making salt water safe to drink
        
        Smart irrigation, monitor water coverage of an area, to reduce over usage on farms
        
        Large scale water transfer, connects basin, to increase equality of water availability across a country.
        
        Regenerated water, wastewater is reused for agriculture and environment