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Spain: The Bourbon Restoration, image, image, image, image, image, image,…
Spain: The Bourbon Restoration
The First Spanish Republic ended in December 1874, after a military uprising which proclaimed Alfonso XII (Isabel II's son) king of Spain
THE REIGN OF ALFONSO XII (1875–1885) AND THE REGENCY OF MARÍA CRISTINA (1885–1902)
The reign of Alfonso XII was a period of political stability for Spain
The economy grew under the stabilising impact of the new political system set up by Cánovas del Castillo, known as the Canovist system
Bipartisanship was established
Caciquismo
The Constitution of 1876 recognised a constitutional monarchy as the only legal form of government
THE REIGN OF ALFONSO XIII (1902–1931)
When Alfonso XIII became king in 1902, he was faced with a series of problems which eventually led to the end of the constitutional monarchy established by his father Alfonso XII
Political conflict
The Constitution of 1876 was still in effect, but the system of alternating governments began to collapse due to internal divisions in both parties
In addition, other parties were increasing their members and political activity, including
(PSOE) which advocated the access of the working class to political power. In 1921, the socialist left divided and (PCE) was formed
Republican parties, which advocated the establishment of a republic
Regionalist parties which advocated autonomy for their region, for example, PNV) and (LRC)
The development of the workers' movement
During the reign of Alfonso XIII, the workers' movement continued to fight for better working conditions
The creation of a pension system for retired workers
New laws to regulate female and child labour
An eight-hour working day and six-day working week
Legal recognition for trade unions
War in Morocco
Following the Disaster of 98 and the loss of its last colonies, the Spanish government decided trying to obtain new territories
Spain established a protectorate over its newly acquired territories in Morocco
Spain's presence in Morocco was opposed by the local population, which led to the outbreak of war (1909–1927)
Tragic Week (1909)
Spanish reservists were sent to the war in Morocco and in Barcelona there was a popular protest led by workers and families of soldiers, which was brutally suppressed by the army
Annual disaster (1921)
Spanish troops were defeated at Annual in Morocco, and many soldiers lost their lives
The military problem
Spanish public opinion was very critical of the army because of its defeats in Morocco
Compulsory military service also created discontent, as it mostly affected the poor and members of the working class
Wealthier people could avoid military service by paying a special fee, this practice was abolished in 1912
The accumulation of problems created a climate of political instability
Ultimately, the government was overthrown by a military coup in 1923
The coup was led by General Miguel Primo de Rivera and approved of by the king
After the coup, Primo de Rivera established a dictatorship
