Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Bio AOS2 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Photosynthesis is the biological pricess used by photoautotrophs which converts light energy into chemical energy.
      - Photoautotroph = organism which creates its own energy through photosyntheses. E.g Plants, Algae and Photosynthetic cyanobacteria
      - Stages
        
        Light Dependent
        
        Occurs only in the presence of light
        
        On the chlorophyll dfilled thylakoid membranes (pancakes)
        
        Inputs --- 12H2O , 12NADP , 18 ATP + Pi
        
        Outputs --- 6O, 12NADPH, 18ATP
        
        Steps
        
        1, Inside the thykaloid light energy excites electrons in the chlorophyl. These electrons move along the thylakoid membrane abd as they do the energy in the electrons powers the pumping of H+ into the thykaloid lumen. These H+ are replaced by chlorophil by water which causes the water to split. Photolysis
        
        The oxygen is released from the chloroplast and will either diffuse out of stomata and into the enviroment or be used in aerobic cellular respiration.
        
        The H+ ions from the ex water molecules are used do generate the high energy coenzy NADPH. The movement of H+ down its concentration gradient generates the high energy coenxyme ATP.
        
        ATP and NADH coenzymes then move onto the light independant stage.
        
        Light independant stage (Calvin Cycle)
        
        Does not require the precense of light
        
        Occurs in the Stona
        
        Inputs --- 6CO2 , 12 NAPDH 18 ATP
        
        Outputs --- 1 glucose, 6 water, 12 NADP, 18 ADP +Pi
        
        Carbon dioxide molecules enter the cycle and undergoe initiol reactions including the Carbon from CO2 combining with a five-carbon molecule, then splits into two three-carbon molecules.
        
        NADPH molecules formed in the light-dependant stage donate their hydrogen ions and electrons, ATP molecules also break into ADP andPi to release energy and facilitate further changes to carbon molecules.
        
        Carbon molecules continue to change and rearrabge as they move around the cycle, Eventually a specific three carbon molecule is creared and leaves the cycle going on to contribute to the formation of glucose. overall six CO2 molecules must enter the cycle to produce one glucose molecule
        
        Some od the oxygen molecules leftover from the breaking of CO2 at the begining of the cycle combine with hydrogen ions from NAPDH to create water.
    - - Catalyse most reactions in photosynthesis
      - E.g in the light dependant stage the enzyme ATP sythase catalyses the reaction ADP+ Pi -.> ATP, using energy from the flow of H+ down its concentration gradient.
      - Having Enzymes regulate each step in photosynthesis ensures reactions are sped up and controlles, so plants can metabolise efficiently.