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Korea and Vietnam - Coggle Diagram

- - - - The Gulf of Tonkin Incident 1964
        
        When North Vietnamese boats fired on A US Warship in the gulf of Tonkin
        
        The US congress approves the Gulf of Tonkin resolution which gives Johnson the power to use any military forces necessary to defend South Vietnam and stop the spread of communism
      - Operation Rolling Thunder 1965
        
        February 1965 was the beginning of Operation Rolling Thunder
        
        A bombing campaign that lasted for 3 years and nearly a million tonnes of bombs being dropped
        
        Aim to weaken moral of the North Vietnemese
        
        Quite ineffective but marked the first point when America was actively involved
      - Saturation Bombing
        
        Mass bombing of lots of North Vietnam where the North Vietnamese was believe to be
        
        Little damage was done and was not very effective as the Viet Cong went underground
        
        Led to Us public opinion against the US
        
        From 1965 to 68 1400 Us aircraft were shot down
        
        Seemed to strengthen the resolve of the NVA and the bombing turned neutral peasants against the Americans
    - - Eisenhower 1953-1961
        
        Gave supplies Money and equipment to South Vietnam
        
        Sent Military 'advisors' to South Vietnam to train ARVN (the Army of the Republic of Korea, South Vietnam army)
        
        Did not force an election in Vietnam
        
        Invited South Vietnam into SEATO (Southeast Asia treaty Organisation) to stop the spread of communism
        
        Used propaganda to try and turn the Vietnamese people against Ho Chi Minh and support Diem
      - John F Kennedy 1961-1963
        
        Did not inform the US press about the US involvement
        
        Increased the money sent to help the ARVN
        
        increased the ARVN to 170,000
        
        Sent 300 helicopter pilots to transport ARVN pilots and they were not meant to fight but were able to defend
        
        Sent 10,000 Green berets to help support the war
        
        Did not prevent the coup against Diem which he probably knew about
        
        Supported the idea of containment
        
        Therefore believed it was needed to support the south Vietnam
        
        Sent more advisors. By 1963 there was 16,000 advisors
        
        Begun the strategic hamlet programme
        
        Authorised the CIA to support the South Vietnam generals to overthrow Diem and Diem was eventually assassinated
      - Lyndon B Johnson 1963-1969
        
        Provided lots of economic aid to South Vietnam
        
        1966 increased the number of troops to over 250,000
        
        Began the campaign of saturation bombing
        
        Was under pressure to end the war and was trying to win the war with a war of attrition
        
        Used the gulf of Tonkin incident in 1964 to persuade congress to pass the resolution that gave him emergency powers to do what he wanted
        
        Got public support in 1965 when a US base was attacked and help lead to the beginning of Operation Rolling Thunder
        
        Lost popularity
      - Richard Nixon 1969
        
        Proposed the Nixon Doctrine
        
        America would support the south through financial support and weapons but not support with troops
        
        Promised to reduce US involvement in Vietnam
        
        The war had become extremely expensive
        
        Began the policy of Vietnamisation where the South Vietnamese army would be strengthened to fight off communism itself
        
        US troops would slowly be removed
        
        Would fail because of the weakness of South Vietnam
    - - 1964 - 23,000
      - 1965- 185,000
      - 1968 - 500,000
  - - - Led by Ho Chi Minh
      - The NVA (North Vietnamese Army
        
        Was the traditional army
        
        Originally defeated by the powerful American military through their tanks and air strikes
        
        However later on their use was much more selective and tactical
      - The Vietcong
        
        Were a guerrilla fighting force
        
        Very successful as it was very hard to know who was the enemy
        
        American soldiers lived in constant fear due to the ambushes of the Viet Cong and the traps that were used
        
        originally created to oppose Diem's regime
        
        The Americans had very little local knowledge which was very useful because it meant that it was very hard for the Americans to find traps and other things
      - The Ho Chi Minh trail was the supplyt route that led from the North to South and was very useful
    - - Supported by America
      - The Diem Regime
        
        Very Unpopular Hated by many in Vietnam and was seen as corrupt and greedy
        
        Persecuted Buddhists for not being catholic
        
        in 1963 Diem was assassinated and this left South Vietnam to be very unstable
        
        Caused lots more American troops to be sent in
  - - - Tunnels were used to combat the US bombing campaigns
        
        The Viet Cong used tunnels
        
        Prevented against the powerful Us air force and use of bombs and chemicals
        
        Very hard to find and often filled with booby traps
        
        Very difficult to take care of and there was lots of tunnels still undiscovered
      - Guerrilla Warfare
        
        They hid amongst the Vietnamese peasantry and would randomly attack the US soldiers seemingly out of nowhere
        
        Used the Ho Chi minh trail to gain suppllies
        
        The Vietcong was used to the environment and so were able to
    - - Chemical weapons
        
        Napalm bombing
        
        Chemical weapons that caused fire.
        
        Bombed lots of area and caused terrible burns for all who were caught in it
        
        Civilians were often caught in the fires and and this turned public opinion against the US
        
        Destroyed forests and farm land
        
        Sticked to people and caused terrible burns and led to death and was incredibly painful
        
        Agent Orange
        
        Was a pasticide
        
        Killed forests and vegetation
        
        The chemical led to terrible health consequences like cancer and skin deficiencies and mental health problems
        
        Many were affected including US soldiers
        
        Had very little effect on the Viet Cong's war effort
      - Zippo raids
        
        Search and Destroy missions
        
        Vietnamese villages searched and if Viet Cong found burned down
        
        Led to terrible public opinion of the US Army
        
        Strengthened the support of the Viet Cong
      - Strategic Hamlets
      - Saturation Bombing
      - Held positions in military bases along the Vietnam Coast
        
        These were then used to launch attacks into the jungle
        
        The jungle became a brutal place and the heavy weaponry was useless because of the conditions
      - Operation Phoenix 1967
        
        Identify and destroy the Viet Cong network in South Vietnam
        
        These were search and destroy missions
        
        led to zippo raids and the My Lai massacre
  - - - This was the first war to be covered by the media
      - The US public saw the numerous atrocities being committed by the US forces
        
        My Lai 1968
        
        When a group of soldiers went on search and destroy mission and then massacred a village when there was no viet cong
        
        Only one man was punished and he was released after 3 years
        
        They had orders that there was Viet Cong in the village
        
        The Village was peaceful and only three weapons
        
        They opened fire and killed 500 civilians
        
        Initially covered up and that only 20 civilians were killed
        
        Discovered in 1969
        
        The public were angry and made the war even more unpopular and also made people wandering about more atrocities committed
      - Images
        
        Children burning from Napalm
        
        Villages being destroyed
        
        Soldiers being killed and the cruelty of soldiers
      - The Tet Offensive 31st of January 1968
        
        The large scale attacks on US bases cities and towns in Vietnam
        
        The US embassy in Saigon was attacked
        
        US forces quickly gained control but it showed the weakness and flaws in the US army
        
        Casualties were very high and there was a massive amount of damage to monuments and cities
        
        After all the money little was achieved
        
        Caught the forces of the US off guard
        
        It led to the Viet Cong become weakened
        
        Made the war look unwinnable and dealt a serious blow to American morale as well as support in the USA for the war
    - - By 1967 160 US soldiers were dying each week
      - By 1967 Casualties were at 15,000 dead and 110,000 injured
    - - The draft was introduced
      - people went onto the streets and burned their draft cards
      - 1965 33,000 men were drafted
      - the draft Lottery was introduced
      - Muhammad Ali refused conscription
      - Black people were hit especially hard
        
        There was support from Civil rights movements
    - - Students across the country began to protest the war.
      - 'hippy' culture began to grow
      - Kent State University
        
        A protest happened when armed soldiers fired into the crowd and killed students and injured other
        
        The national guard was called to guard the campus but when more rallies where held the guards threw tear gas and then the guardsmen opened fire on the students.
        
        Led to more protests and pressure on Nixon to end the war
      - The government looked down on the students
    - - Martin Luther King and Muhammad Ali spoke out against the war due to them believing that racism should be fought at home and not another war in a different country
  - - - France had been ruling Vietnam in the 19th Century
      - To stop this ruling the Viet minh was created which was led by Ho Chi Minh. This was a group for independence and they began to use guerrilla warfare against the Japanese
        
        On the 2nd September 1945 Ho Chi minh declared the end of French and Japanese rule
      - The French set up a puppet ruler as Emperor Dai to rule over some of Vietnam in 1926 and was dislike by many. He was a poor ruler and many were angry
      - The Japanese took over the area during WW2
    - - The American backed the return of France in Vietnam after WW2
    - - The French attempted to take back vietnam
      - The tactic of guerrilla warfare continued
      - The French reinstated Dai and the rest of the country was furious
      - The french were supported by the American and Vietnam was supported by China
      - Eventually the war was ended after growing unhappiness of French citizens
      - The US was the major funder of the war and spent 2 billion
    - - Vietnam was split in to with the North ruled by Ho Chi MInh and the south ruled by Dai who appointed Dinh Diem.
    - - A Fierce nationalist
      - Anti-communist and had previously visited America
      - He refused to hold free and fair elections that would mean as he said that Ho Chi minh would intimidate people into voting for him
      - Diem would take control of South Vietnam in 1955 through lots of scare tactics and he began to kill communists and get rid of opposition. He also was a quite brutal ruler and corrupt and he received lots of aid from America
      - Diem lost support and Ho Chi Minh had lots more support because he was more in touch of the people
    - - wanted to stop the domino theory domino theory from coming true
  - - - Nixon approved bombing campaigns across Cambodia and Laos to disrupt the Ho Chi Minh. Contiued to 1973
      - 1970 approved ground troops in Cambodia
      - 1971 ground troops into Laos
      - Both countries were officially neutral so this was very controversial
      - The plan was to stop the Ho Chi Minh from delivering good but had very little effect
  - - - Not lots of opposition initially
      - 1964 onwards led to change in public opinion and more and more people were against the war.
      - 1967 160 soldiers dying each week
      - Draft law led to even more protest
      - As the war became televised and people saw what was happening opposition grew
      - Student Demonstrations were a major proportion of the protestors
      - Hippy culture grew against the Vietnam war
    - - There was peace talks in Paris as well as secret negations
      - In October 1972 there was a ceasefire but the south Vietnamese prime minister refused to sign
      - 1973 the Paris peace accords
        
        Agreed there would be a ceasefire
        
        America would remove all its troops and dismantle all of its bases
        
        This damaged America's international reputation and meant that they were viewed as weaker and less keen in being involved.
        
        All prisoners of war would be released
        
        Without the US support North Vietnam won the war and Vietnam was a communist government
    - - By the end
        
        over 1 trillion dollars
        
        57,000 lives with their average age being 19
      - By the end 1,000,000 Vietnamese people had died
      - The Veterans
        
        Marines had ptsd and some got addicted to drugs and alcohol
        
        The Veterans were treated with harsh treatment and many committed suicide
        
        Films about the vietnam war were created
    - - Supporters of the South Vietnam fled and some were massacred
      - Lots of unemployment
      - the economy was very unstable and the areas of the country were unable to be used to farm
      - Bombs that were unexploded where still there
      - There was many diseases such as cancer came from the use of chemical weapons
- - - - America feared the spread of communist as wanted to stop North Korea as they did not want the domino theory to happen.
      - The Truman Doctrine of containment meant that the USA where very concerned over the spread and were willing to act on their concern.
        
        The Truman Doctrine was the belief that it was America's job to prevent the spread of communism
      - The USA also feared the development of the Atomic bomb by the USSR who had developed in 1949 making America feel threatened by the USSR and no longer having the upper hand in weapons
    - - Korea had been split in half in 1948 along the 38th parallel leaving the 2 halve with the North being Communist and the South being anti-communist.
      - The North
        
        Kim Il Sung of North Korea believed South Korea would welcome and invasion by the North.
        
        The people would rise up and help if invaded
        
        The North had a much stronger army (135,000) and experienced war from the Chinese civil war and were experienced with tanks and planes from the USSR
        
        The North was the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. Led by Kim Il-Sung
        
        Each government refused to accept the legitimacy of the other
        
        Had been encouraging guerrilla warfare in the South but realised that wasn't enough so invaded
      - The South
        
        The south was the republic of Korea. Led by Syngman Rhee
        
        Each government refused to accept the legitimacy of the other
        
        A weak military (90,000) and had no tanks or air force
    - - Tension between the USA and the USSR had gotten quite great due to the Berlin Blockade and the USSR's humiliation.
      - Stalin gave his permission for the North to invade the South possibly due to the support from newly communist china
      - Prevented UN inspectors into the North which meant that only the Southern votes were counted causing more tension
    - - China had not been allowed to join the UN which cause the USSR to boycott the security council allowing the USA to be able to gain support for the South and send troops against the North.
    - - They had become communist in 1949 and so wanted to support communism on their border
      - Agreed to support the North when there was an invasion and probably persuaded the USSR to do the same
      - Was receiving financial support from USSR and so had to keep up appearance by helping N Korea
  - - - September 1950, UN forces led by American General Macarthur began pushing back
      - The UN forces launch an amphibious assault on Inchon and then continue to push the North Korean forces back towards the Chinese border.
        
        15th September - Inchon was an assault by 40,000 UN soldiers that were from units that had stormed the beaches in WW2
        
        The soldiers on the North were very heavily outnumbered and the UN had superior naval support
        
        It was a turning point in the war and allowed the forces to continue to fight and trap the North troops
      - 27th September 1950 - General MacArthur was then given permission to invade into the North
      - 19th October - The Northern Capital of Pyongyang was captured
      - By November 1950 almost all of North Korea was under UN control and then MacArthur pushed up the Yalu River near the Chinese Border
    - - June 1950, North Korea invades the South and goes beyond the 38th Parallel
      - By September, the North has taken most of the South and pushed the Southern forces into a small area
      - South Korea appealed to the UN and won support for the war.
    - - 26th November 1950, there was a massive surprise attack by Communist China joined the war on the side of North Korea after fearing for its security due to General MacArthur.
      - The UN forces are pushed back a little past the 38th parallel. China is supplied by the USSR with tanks and planes and pilots.
      - October - November 1950 300,000 chinese troops began to move secretly across the Yalu River
    - - June 1951 UN troops recover and and fight back but neither side makes any gains and there is a stalemate around the 38th parallel
      - Peace talks begin in June 1951 but do not end the war until July 1953 where a ceasefire is signed leaving the country divided.
      - The Un strategy was to hold a defensive line and this was effective because of the heavily armed UN troops
      - Ceasefire talks began in July 1951
    - - Lasted a very long time for a number of reasons
      - neither wanted to appear weak
      - They couldn't agree on the POWs as some didn't want to go back to the north and China
      - The Death of stalin meant that USSR Wanted the end of the war
      - A demilitarised zone was put around the 38th parallel
  - - - Why?
        
        The Truman Doctrine
        
        This policy was to contain Communism and halt the spread by using military strength and economic power
        
        America feared the spread of communism and believed if Korea became communist then the domino theory may become a problem causing other countries in Asia to fall to communism
      - How
        
        America caused the UN's involvement due to the boycott of the UN security council by the USSR. This meant that the USSR did not vote to against the involvement so any opposition to the war was gone
        
        The USA was part of the collective UN force and was a significant part of it. The UN combined forces was also led by the American General MacArthur.wd
    - - Initially the USSR did not want the N Korea to invade
      - After China became Communist in 1949 they began to suggest the invasion so then the USSR agreed to support
      - They were unable to veto the action by the UN because they were boycotting the UN security due to them not giving China a place
  - - - He was an American General who had fought in both WW1 and WW2.
      - He was highly decorated and had one the medal of honour for his service in the Phillipines campaign in WW2.
      - He became the Chief of Staff in the US Army in the 1930s.
    - - He was put in charge of the combined UN forces and South Korean forces and managed to turn the tide of the war and push the North Korean forces back to the Chinese border.
      - He was responsible for the Amphibious assault on Inchon which was incredibly successful.
      - He led the UN forces to take back Seoul and pushed the North Koreans past the 38th parallel
    - - He was dismissed from his position and was replaced as leader of the UN forces
      - He dismissed for disobeying the orders of President Truman of not invading North Korea after being pushed back by the Chinese Forces
      - His attitude nuclear weapons is that they should be used in war and this may have led to his dismissal as Truman viewed him as a liability as he could cause nuclear war.
  - - - The South
        
        Had lost 200,000 people and up to 1,000,000 dead or missing
        
        UN forces lost 150,000 soldiers
      - The North
        
        had lost 400,000 and 600,000 dead or missing
        
        China had lost 600,000 soldiers
    - - had a buffer state against Capitalism
      - Proved that they were a strong military force and proved themselves and so became more confident
    - - The break down of relations between China and the USSR in 1960
      - Causes
        
        China felt the USSR was unreliable
        
        USSR resented the financial cost of the war