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religious wars and the counter-reformation, image, image, image, image,…
religious wars and the counter-reformation
religious wars
the Church excommunicated Luther
attempted to prosecute him for heresy
he received protection of the German nobles
saw an opportunity to increase their possessions
autonomy from the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.
Carlos I
He was a devout Catholic
tried to mediate in this conflict
to prevent the division of the Church
Various meetings took place
as the Diet of Worms
no agreement was reached.
The Catholics considered
the Lutherans Protestants
referred to themselves as the Reformed.
Emperor supported the Pope and the Church
Protestant German princes supported Luther
formed an alliance called Schmalkaldic League
a civil war broke out
Emperor and the Catholic German princes defeated
the leage at the
Battle of Mühlberg in 1547
the Peace of Augsburg was signed in 1555
under the Emperor granted the Protestant princes
This agreement did not result in religious peace
On the contrary provoked some of religious wars:
In France
wars between Catholics and Protestants continued
There were very bloody episodes
massacre of Protestants on St. Bartholomew's Day
These conflicts ended in 1598
In the Low Countries
Dutch War of Independence or Eighty Years' War
This was both a rebellion against Spanish rule
a civil war between the Calvinists and Catholics
ended with the victory of the Calvinists
British Isles
the war of the 3 kingdoms
Consequences of religious division in Europe
Protestants and Catholics persecuted each other
in Switzerland the Calvinists executed
Spanish scientist Miguel Servet for religious beliefs.
in the areas they dominated.
the counter-reformation
Council of Trent
established the Catholic Church’s
course of action in three main areas:
the clarification of their teachings
internal reform
the repression of Protestantism.
The clarification of their teachings.
These included
carrying out good deeds to achieve salvation
observing the seven sacraments
recognising the Pope as the highest authority
venerating the Virgin Mary and the saints
need for priests to interpret the Bible
dogmas and principles that Protestants rejected
were maintained
Internal reform
Measures were taken to resolve internal corruption
Seminaries and universities were founded
Bishops were more strictly controlled
the sale of indulgences was prohibited
The Society of Jesus
founded by Ignatius of Loyola
in 1534, who vowed obedience to the Pope
The Jesuits became the main group
for spreading the teachings of Counter-Reformation
The repression of Protestantism,
whose followers were considered heretics
The Inquisition was reinforced
an Index of forbidden books
opposed the Catholic faith, was published.
