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Geography Year 8 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Located at the north and south poles
      - The Artic circle is the north polar climate zone
        
        Located at 66.5 degrees north
      - The Antarctic circle is the south polar climate zone
        
        Located at 66.5 degrees south
    - - The temperate climate zone is between the borders of the polar and tropic zones
        
        Between 23.5 degrees and 66.5 degrees north and south
    - - The tropics of Cancer and Capricorn border the tropical climate zone
      - Located between 23.5 degrees north and south
      - The equator is directly in the middle of the tropical zone
      - Has a consistent temperature ande lots of rainfall
  - - - Imaginary parallel lines that run east-west
      - Plays an important part in pattern of global climate
        
        As you further away from the equator it gets colder
      - The equator is located at 0 degrees latitude
        
        Is the centre of the Earth horizontally
    - - Imaginary lines that run north-south
      - All the lines meet at the North & South poles
        
        Lines are NOT parallel
      - The Prime Meridian is located at 0 degrees longitude
        
        The Prime Meridian starts and finishes at the poles
  - - - East
      - South
      - West
      - North
    - - North
      - East
      - South
      - West
      - South-East
      - South-West
      - North-East
      - North-West
  - - - The orientation usually shows the direction of north
      - A compass rose is the main way people show the orientation
    - - The title tells people the porpose of the map
      - Most maps have the name of the place in the title
    - - The border indicates the edge of the map
      - All BOLTSS information needs to be INSIDE the border
    - - The legend translates the icons visually representing features in a map
      - Sometimes labelled as a key or guide
    - - The scale shows how much the map has been reduced/enlarged in size
      - The scale is usually presented as a ratio of some description
    - - The source mentions where the information to make the map was colected
      - The source is usually written in small/light writing and generally located along the bottom border of the map.
  - - - Shows a detailed representation of heights above sea level.
        
        Contour lines show the different heights
      - eg. map of heights in a mountain range
    - - Shows weather patterns over a large area
        
        Can show:
        atmospheric pressure, hot and cold fronts
      - eg. weather forecast maps
    - - Displays pattern or theme
        
        Can show physical, statistical, measured, or interpreted information
      - eg. population density maps
    - - Map of a town, suburb or city
        
        Displays:
        streets, places and their names, and suburb information.
      - eg. map of Forrestfield
    - - Shows characteristics of the natural environment
        
        Can display:
        forested areas, water bodies, mountain heights and heights above sea level.
      - eg. map of features on a mountains
    - - Shows state or national boundaries and capital or major cities
        
        Can include:
        country, state, city or suburb borders and names
      - eg. map of Earth
    - - Shows distribution of climate regions
        
        Usually use a range of colours classified according to temperature and rainfall
      - eg. map of Australia's climate
    - - Shows statistical data on predetermined geographic areas
        
        Can be used to show differences in characteristics by shading, patterns or symbols to values presented in the key/legend
      - eg. map of land use
    - - Using groups of dots to represent quantity
        
        The amount of dots shows data, not size
        
        Used to show differences in quantity in different areas
      - eg. number of farms in a state/country
  - - - Located at 23.5 degrees north on the lines of latitude
      - Named after the constellation of stars, Cancer
    - - Located at 23.5 degrees south on the lines of latitude
      - Named after the constellation of stars, Capricornus
  - - - Vertical gridlines that increase as you move north
    - - horizontal gridlines that increase as you move east
    - - The first 2 numbers are eastings, the second 2 are northings
        
        11 22
        East North
        x y
    - - The first 3 numbers are eastings, the second 3 are northings
        
        111 222
        East North
        x y
      - Only numbers
  - - - a 1
        East North
        x y
- - - - Earth's surface is made out of plates
      - The tectonic plates are moved by the magma currents beneath
      - When tectonic plates move away from each other, new earth is created by the cooled magma that rises to the surface
      - When the plates move towards each other, they cause earthquakes and/or create volcanoes/new landforms or trigger a volcanic eruption
    - - The area around the Pacific ocean where the pacific plate and smaller plates move
      - The region experiences high levels of seismic and volcanic activity
  - - - Hot desert - Sahara Desert
      - Cold desert - Antartica
    - - 30% of Australia is a desert
        
        70% of those deserts are considered arid or semi-arid
      - Some Australian deserts include:
        
        Tanami Desert
        
        Gibson Desert
        
        Great Sandy Desert
        
        Great Victoria Desert
        
        Simpson Desert
      - Landforms found:
        
        Uluru
        
        Kata Tjuta
        
        Karlu Karlu
        
        The Pinnacles
        
        Wave Rock
        
        Kumpupirntily
  - - - Landforms take a very long time to develop, sometimes taking millions of years
    - - Mountains/Hills
      - Plains
      - Water bodies
      - Natural vegetation
      - Plateaus
      - Volcanoes
  - - - Collections of landforms make up all landscapes
  - - - Soil and rock is worn away and moved by wind, water and rain
    - - Chemical
        
        Rainwater reacting with mineral grains in rocks, forming new minerals and soluble salts
        
        Usually occurs when the water is slightly acidic
        
        Terms
        
        Solution
        
        The removal of rock as part of a solution by rainwater
        
        Hydrolysis
        
        The breakdown of rock to produce clay and soluble salts
        
        Oxidation
        
        The breakdown of rock by oxygen and water
        
        Iron-rich rock often turn a rust colour
      - The breakdown of rocks on Earth's surface
      - Physical
        
        Freeze-Thaw
        
        The repetition of the freeze-thaw method can, over time, break rocks apart
        
        Water seeps into cracks in rocks. The water freezes and expands, making the crack bigger
        
        Only in cold areas
        
        Exfoliation
        
        Mainly in hot or warm areas
        
        During the day, the heat from the sun causes the rocks to expand. Then at night, when it s cooler, the rocks contract
        
        Over time, as the rocks expand and contract, tiny pieces begin to flake of the rock
      - Biological
        
        Caused by the actions of living things
        
        eg. the roots of trees into the ground and the cracks of rocks and prise rocks apart when they grow
    - - Tourism
      - Pollution
      - Loss of marine biodiversity
      - Rising sea levels
      - Population growth
      - Urbanisation
      - Climate change
      - Coastal catchment development
    - - The coastline is approximately 34 000 km long
      - About 50% of the population lives withing 7 km of the coast
      - Examples of Landforms
        
        The Twelve Apostles
        
        Limestone structures, shaped by waves
        
        The Great Barrier Reef
        
        Largest coral reef in the world
        
        Contains 3000+ indevidual reef systems
        
        Heart Reef
        
        Reef naturally shaped like a love heat
        
        Gulf of Carpentaria
        
        Rare example of epicontinental sea
        
        Shallow sea on a continent
        
        The Great Australian Bight
        
        Mostly a continuous line of cliffs
        
        The Kiama Blowhole
        
        Sea cliff cavern that spouts water 20+ meters in the air
        
        Ningaloo Reef
        
        Largest fringing reef
  - - - Dormant
        
        Any volcano that doesn't show signs of erupting, but still could
        
        eg. Mount Gambier
      - Extinct
        
        Any volcano that hasn't erupted in 1 million years
        
        eg. Tweed Volcano
      - Active
        
        Any volcano that is, has recently or will erupt
        
        eg. Heard Island
    - - Creation
        
        Creation of volcanoes
        
        When the plates move, usually the thinner plate is forced underneath the thicker plate
        
        Land volcanoes are created when one tectonic plate moves under another
        
        When a volcano erupts it creates new, fertile land on top of everything it destroys
        
        Places where magma has created new land, is rich with minerals and excellent for farming
      - Destruction
        
        Volcanoes cause so much damage to the towns nearby that when the volcano shows signs of erupting people are evacuated to safe areas until it is safe to return
        
        eg. Vesuvius in what was Pompeii
        
        Erupted in 79CE over a period of 25 hours
        
        Seismic activity was very common people weren't evacuated
        
        Killed 30 000 people
        
        Stratovolcano
        
        Destroyed and preserved Pompeii
  - - - Fold Mountains
        
        Created when 2 tectonic plates collide and pushes rock up
      - Block Mountains
        
        Created when there are cracks in the crust and blocks of land are forced upwards
      - Volcanic Mountains
        
        Created when magma pushes its way up to the surface of the Earth
        
        Magma changes everything it touches, creating new land and landforms
    - - Some include:
        
        The Great Dividing Range
        
        Snowy Mountains
        
        Mt Kosciuszko
        
        Blue Mountains
        
        Cradle Mountain