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Unit 1 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - the colder the harder, the hotter the softer the substance is
- - - - elements
      - compounds
        
        meaning: 2+ elements fuse
    - - liquid
      - solid
      - gas
      - plasma
    - - indestructible
      - can't be created
  - - - odor
      - more...
      - color
  - - - atoms
        
        electrons
        
        meaning: tiny particles in the outer area of an atom, have negative charge
    - - atom bonds break, atoms rearranged >> new bonds >> new molecules >> new product (new substance)
      - catalyst:
        
        functions:
        
        speed up
        
        required
        
        fun fact:
        
        dont change the substance chemically
      - change properties
      - fun fact: if 1 strong acid + base, it can neutralize them both.
  - - - exothermic
        
        release excess energy=heat/light/sound
      - endothermic
        
        req more energy they produce
  - - - doesnt change substance
      - can be reverted to normal state
    - - change substance
      - cant be reverted back
- - - - positively charged nucleus
      - negatively charged electrons (moves around nucleus)
      - electrons
        
        grouped together in shells (concentric layers around the nucleus)
        
        innermost shell: 2 electrons
        
        next shell: 8
        
        next shell: 18...
        
        outermost shell: valence
        
        when atoms are stable: empty/completely full
  - - - atoms:
        
        can exist alone
        
        typically join with other atoms
        
        indestructible&unbornable in a chemical reaction
      - bonding:
        
        share electrons
        
        electrons of each atom interact with both atoms
        
        form a molecule
      - electrons: tiny charged particles that surround the core of an atom
      - diatomic atoms: 2 molecules
    - - homogeneous molecules: both of the atoms in the molecule are the same element
      - compound: 2+ elements fuse
      - pure substance: meaning theres only 1 element, no others
  - - - ionic: formed when an atom gains/lose 1+ of its valence to reach a stable energy level
      - covalent: comes from the sharing of 1+ electron pairs between 2 atoms
  - - - molecules with molecular weights of more than a few thousand grams per mole could not exist
    - - german guy: herrman fraudinger: macromolecular theory:
        
        meaning: large molecules
        
        10,000 or more atoms bonded together in long chains/other complex structures
- - - - water cools to 0-°C=ice
      - water boils to 100+°C=water vapor
      - freezing point: liquid to solid
      - boiling point: liquid to gas
      - condensation point: gas to liquid
      - melting point: solid to liquid
      - (different points depending on the substance)
  - - - meaning: liquids are in which the solute, is dissolved into the solvent
    - - meaning: made of parts that are large enough to see (naked eye/light microscope)
        can be separated.
      - types:
        
        Colloid: Well mixed, but can be seen under a light microscope (milk) usually looks cloudy
        
        Suspension: Particles are usually larger, can be settled out (mud)
        
        these methods include:(copy error)
        
        Sifting: pouring the mixture of two solids with different-sized particles through a filter
        
        Filtration: pouring the mixture of a liquid and a solid through a filter
        
        Decanting: draining the liquid from a mixture of a liquid&solid after the particles of the solid substance settle.
- - - - protect crops by pesticides
      - fertilize plants with fertilizer
        
        general idea
        
        get rid of pests
      - get rid of germs in hospitals
    - - if the chemicals have side effects like just demolishing the environment, then it is banned from the government
      - poison the whole area around it
    - - natural: natural chemicals
      - synthetic: man-made chemicals
    - - are chemical substances that are sour and its pH is 7-
      - are hydrogen donors in aqueous solutions
      - turn blue litmus to red
      - neutralize bases to form salt& water
      - are good electrical conductors