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THE BOURBON RESTORATION - Coggle Diagram
THE BOURBON RESTORATION
The reign of Alfonso XII and the regency of María Cristina
The reign of Alfonso XII
a period of political stability
no more military uprisings
a new political system: the Canovist system
characteristics
Bipartisanship
a system of two alternating official political parties
the Conservative government
Antonio Cánovas del Castillo
the Liberal government
Práxedes Mateo Sagasta
Caciquismo
it allowed elections to be manipulated
the political party chosen by the government would win
The Constitution of 1876
constitutional monarchy was the only legal form of government
shared sovereignty between the monarch and the Cortes
the type of suffrage was decided by each government
in 1890, universal male suffrage was re-established
support
from
the Catholic Church
landowners
the army
middle-class business owners
because they wanted political stability
opposition from
the areas of nationalism and regionalism
because they were marginalised by the centralised state system
examples
Basque nationalism
In 1895
Sabino Arana founded the Partido Nacionalista Vasco
it wanted the independence of País Vasco
Galician nationalism
wanted to
protect Galician identity
gain autonomy
In 1890
the Asociación Regionalista Gallega was formed
1 more item...
Catalan nationalism
originated in 1891
Enric Prat de la Riba wrote the Bases de Manresa
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In 1901
the Lliga Regionalista de Catalunya was founded
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Andalusian regionalism
it wanted to solve social problems
high unemployment
no political party was formed until the 20th century
the Carlists
they were defeated in the Third Carlist War
republicans, anarchists and socialists
were excluded from politics
After his death (1885)
María Cristina of Austria became regent until her son Alfonso XIII came of age (1902)
the Pact of El Pardo signed by Cánovas del Castillo and Sagasta
The regency of María Cristina
The disaster of 98
it originated from a colonial conflict
the war with Cuba and the Philippines
as a consequence
Spain lost the last of its overseas colonies
Cuba
Puerto Rico
Philippines
the causes
the demands of the Cuban Creole bourgeoisie for
political autonomy
economic freedom
the rejection of the demands of the Creole bourgeoisie
because the colonial economy favoured the sale of Spanish products
the development
Cuban War (1895–1898)
between
Spain
pro-independence forces were led by José Martí
The Philippines
pro-independence uprising
In 1898
the United States intervened in favour of
Cuba
the Philippines
the Treaty of Paris
1898
it granted independence to Cuba
it gave Puerto Rico and the Philippines to the United States
the consequences
regenerationism
an intellectual and critical movement that proposed the need for a renewal of the Spanish political system
led by Joaquín Costa,
by
the removal of the Canovist system
educational reform
the economic crisis
Spanish industrial exports fell and imports from the former colonies became more expensive
the demoralisation of the Spanish people
the loss of human life
the disastrous action of the Spanish government
the involvement of the United States
the United States wanted the control over Cuba
because
they could only sell 32% of its own products in Cuba
they bought Cuban
sugar
tobacco
offered to buy the island from Spain
the Spanish government refused
they entered the war in by the side of the Spanish colonies
with the excuse of an accidental explosion of the American warship Maine
in the port of Havana
blaming the Spanish government for the explosion
causing the death of 261 American sailors
The reign of Alfonso XIII
It started in 1902
there were a series of problems
such as
The development of the workers' movement
the workers' movement continued to fight for better working conditions
with the use of
strikes
violence
demonstrations
the trade unions were created
to support and coordinat the movement
such as
the socialist Unión General de Trabajadores
the anarchist syndicate, the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo
achievements
the creation of a pension system for retired workers
new laws to regulate female and child labour
an eight-hour working day and six-day working week
legal recognition for trade unions
War in Morocco
Conference of Algeciras
1906
Morocco was divided between Spain and France
Spain established a protectorate over its newly acquired territories in Morocco in 1912
War in Morocco
1909–1927
events
Tragic Week (1909)
workers and families of soldiers protested about the war and they were brutally suppressed
Annual disaster (1921)
Spanish troops were defeated at Annual in Morocco
Political conflict
The Constitution of 1876
the system of alternating governments began to collapse
the power was shared between
the Liberals, under Jose Canalejas
the Conservatives, under Eduardo Dato
because of internal divisions in both parties
other parties were grew
republican parties
it advocated the establishment of a republic
regionalist parties
they advocated autonomy for their region
such as
Partido Nacionalista Vasco
Lliga Regionalista de Catalunya
regional associations were created
the Mancomunidad de Cataluña
Partido Socialista Obrero Español
it advocated the access of the working class to political power
In 1921
Partido Comunista Español
The military problem
Spanish public opinion was very critical of the army because of
its defeats in Morocco
the extensive involvement of the military in Spanish political life
compulsory military service
it mostly affected
the poor
members of the working class
Climate of political instability
military coup in 1923
Primo de Rivera established a dictatorship
that led to the end of the constitutional monarchy
The Bourbon Restoration
The First Spanish Republic ended in December 1874
Alfonso XII (Isabel II's son) became king of Spain
by Cánovas del Castillo
