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2. RELIGIOUS WARS AND THE COUNTER-REFORMATION, image, image, image, image,…
2. RELIGIOUS WARS AND THE COUNTER-REFORMATION
RELIGIOUS WARS
The Church excommunicated and prosecuted Luther
In 1521
Unsuccessful thanks to the protection of the German Nobles
Nobles took the the possessions of the church
Carlos I or Carlos V
Catholic Monarchs' grandson
Carlos V as Emperor of the Holy roman empire
Was a devout catholic
Tried to mediate the conflict to prevent the division of the church
Carlos I as king of Spain
Diet of Worms
Various meeting were made, such the Diet of Worms
No agreements were reached
Lutherans referred to themselves as Reformed
Catholics referred to Lutherans as protestants
Civil war
The Emperor Carlos V supported the Pope and the church
The protestan German princes supported Luther
They formed an alliance called the Schmalkaldic League
Schmalkaldic league was defeated in the battle of Mühlberg in 1547
France sided against the Catholics
Peace of Ausburg
Was signed in 1555
Religious freedom was granted for the protestant princes
Did not made religious peace in Europe
provoked other religious wars
In the low countries
The Dutch war of Independence
Also called the Eighty Years' War
1568-1648
Was a rebellion against Spain
Was a civil war between Calvinists and Catholics
Ended with the victory of Calvinists on northern provinces
In the British isles
The war of the three kingdoms
1639-1651
Were series of conflicts between
Anglicans
ended with the Anglicans gaining power
Puritans
Catholics
In France
Wars between catholics and protestants continued in the second half of the 16th century
Very bloody episodes happened
the massacre of protestants (in 1572)
conflicts ended in 1598
King Herny IV signed the Edict of Nantes
This granted a certain amount of religious freedom to the protestants
Consequences of religious division in Europe
Protestants and Catholics persecuted each other where they dominated
Calvinists executed the Spanish scientist Miguel Servet
The Pope and the Emperor Carlos V became less influential
THE COUNTER-REFORMATION
Was a religious, intellectual and political movement led by the Catholic church against protestant reformation
Council of Trent
1545-1563
estabilished
Internal reform
Tried to resolve internal corruption
Seminaries and universities were founded
To improve priests' training
bishops were more strictly controlled
Sale of indulgences was prohibited
Religious orders were reformed
Society of Jesus gained importance
Founded by Ignatius of Loyola in 1534
He had vowed obedience to the Pope
Jesuits spread the teaching of the counter-reformation
The clarification of their teachings
The principles rejected by the protestants were maintained
carrying out good deeds to achieve salvation
observing the seven sacraments
recognising the Pope as the highest authority
venerating the Virgin Mary and the saints
only letting priests to interpret the bible
The repression of Protestantism
Protestants were considered heretics
The inquisition was reinforced
an index of forbidden books was published
Those were the books which opposed the Catholic faith
The Catholics maintained their power over southern and central Europe
