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SOCI 102 Final, Horizontal Segregation: Women and men situated in…
SOCI 102 Final
Week 11: Intersectionality
(2) social interactions
code switching
Colloquially, code-switching means being able to switch between dialects (& cultural expression, behaviors, & mannerisms) based on one's surroundings
West & Fenstermaker's
intersectional approach
1) Gives voice to the oppressed
2) Assumes interactional effects
3) Contexts matters in shaping how race, class, and gender are accomplished
4) Similar situations may be experienced differently
Characterization of individuals who are simultaneously oppressed on the basis of gender, race, & class
Used to capture the idea that multiple axes of inequality exist, including gender, race, class, and others, and that these amount to interlocking oppressions which cannot be analytically separated from each other.
(1) ways of seeing
The traffic intersection example from TedTalk
(3) research tool
Class, gender, race all affect how people view inequality
Indian Act
Class: from a Marxist Perspective
(potlach ban)
Race/ ethnicity: (status Indian)
Gender: (discrimination against Indigenous Women)
any first nation woman who married a white man would lose her first nation status
Social control was adopted by identifying who was white & who was FN
FN considered it wrong anyone should go hungry/lack of necessities when others had more than needed
"Doing Difference"
references to gender, race, and class as "intersecting systems," as "interlocking
categories," and as "multiple bases" for oppression
while sex category, race category and class category are potentially omnirelevant to social life, individuals inhabit many different identites, that may be stressed or muted depending on the situation
Justice Romilly’s interaction w/ police
How might this interaction have been different for someone of a different race, class or gender?
Race
Aspect that got him in his negative experience
the assumption that just because he is black and happened to be around the suspected area, that he was the criminal
Class
Occupational class position assisted him getting out of his negative interaction
relates to social captial
Gender
b/c he was a man, police may felt an urgency to find the person, instead if it were a women
Week 8: Gender and Sex
Sex: word used to describe how many different things are somewhat correlated. Sex is not any one physical trait, it is the name for the correlations among them
gender: roles and appearances we act in our lives which mark us as feminine or masculine, girls or boys
sex as a social construct
Gender as Doing:
Something we do not something we are
Situated at the mirco level
-"Doing gender" sustains and reproduces prevailing gender order
frontstage and backstage performance
feminism
marxist
feminism: the intersection of class and gender. Marx believed that the woman's gender roles help (a) men (b) captalism
radical
feminism: believed that the differences in our reproductive roles create inequality
Liberal
feminism: 'mainstream feminism'- trying to achieve gender equality through political reform in a liberal democracy
Gender as Division:
Access to Medcial treatment
Women in STEM
Parenting
gender as difference: roles, sex/gender and gendered knowledge(e.g. science)
Dual Systems theory: Locate gender inequality in the hierarchal division of labour in both the home and economy
Influenced by Marx and Weber, however don't believe gender and class are entwined like Marxist feminists.
Maternal/Cultural Feminism: Womens experience as wives give them different perspectives than men, Inequality occurs when these perspectives are undervalued.
When fighting for right to vote women argued they knew what was best for other women and families.
Social Closure: - Exclusion and segregation as central to the reproduction of social inequality
Efforts made to cut off entrance and opportunity towards others
Women excluded and marginalized.
Week 12: Neoliberalism and Stratification in Canada
Classical Liberalism (18th century - backbone of neoliberalism)
Individualism
Helped class owners - owning properties free from control sanctioned by rule of law
Fear of land being taken away by those monarchy and proletariats
Stratification: A system of ranking
Social stratification: The depiction of social inequality as a ranked set of categories, or social strata
Stratification in Canada: Canadians experience social mobility based on factors such as race, age, gender, sexuality, but also experience social mobility based on credentials such as degrees, job titles, income, etc
Social mobility: The ability to move up or down in a social stratification system
Friedrich Hayek
Consisted of classical economics, free trade,
Laissez-faire government
(transactions between governing parties that are free from government involvement), and balanced budgets
"Founding father of neoliberalism” that believed in extension of markets in opposition to welfare state (individual entrepreneurial advances)
Reform, privatization, "deregulation" of labour markets
Kuznet’s curve
Hypothesis that as economy develops, inequality increases, and then eventually reaches a turning point and will decrease
Phases of Neoliberalism
Roll-back (1980s to 1990s)
widening of social, economic, and spatial inequalities
Roll-out (1990s to present)
neoliberalism turns into more socially acceptable forms
Week 9: Undoing Gender?
hegemonic masculinity
dominant forms of masculinity
both how men relate to each other AND how men relate to women (power over, subordination
emphasized femininity
culturally perceived ideals of feminine behaviour
complements male power
women also contribute to their marginalization by embracing men's version of ideal women
3 ways of thinking about gender
Division
Difference
Doing
gender is "performative"
undoing/redoing gender
holding onto gendered characteristics that match your gender presentation
trans people have a special social position in regards to gender thus leads to feminist consciousness
being out as a strategy of political visibility
"doing transgender": illustrates the understanding of trans people of the relationship between sex and sex category
Week 10: Gender and the Workplace
Labour Market Segregation
Creates “occupational ghettos”
Impedes the crossover of men into female dominated occupations and women : into male dominated occupations
Glass Escalator Effect
When men work in female-dominated occupations, they tend to quickly move up to positions of privilege
when women work in male-dominated occupations, they are burdened with discrimination
Cultural Schemas
Work devotion schema: when women spend too much time on caring for the family, they violate the work devotion schema
Family devotion schema: when women spend too much time on work and neglect the family, they violate the family devotion schema
Motherhood Penalty
Mothers are less of the ideal worker, seen as less competent and committed
educational and
occupational choices
increase in amount of women attaining education but still have patterns in fields of study (e.g., men graduate from STEM fields much more)
the way that fields of science talk about sex and gender influences the gender ratio of PhD
Rising female labour force participation because of factors like rising educational attainment, rising female wages, feminism, etc.
Horizontal Segregation: Women and men situated in different occupations
Gender essentialism
Men are better at certain jobs, women are better at other jobs
Vertical segregation: happens within a particular occupation, an example is male primacy
Male primacy
Men are more dominant and more worthy of power
John Maynard Keynes - post WWII to 1970's (New Deal)
Standard employment relationship
Permanent employment with a single employer that created worker/employer relationships
9 to 5 standardized jobs
New deal styled institutions - to protect from increased inequalities
High rates of union coverage
High rates of government regulation
Deficit spending - modern-day welfare state in which the state intervenes to prevent illness/death, to regulate class conflict, and to accommodate social needs